Table 2.
Plant phase ground contact times in different angled COD tasks
| Study | Subjects | COD Task | Ground contact time (s) | Training recommendations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Green et al. [111] | Male rugby union | 45° cut—PP | 0.213 ± 0.03 to 0.241 ± 0.03 | Fast SSC/ Fast reactive strength (< 0.250 s) 1. Drop jumps 2. Bounds 3. Stiff ankle hops 4. Hurdle jumps |
| Vanrenterghem et al. [31] | Active female | 45° cut (actual 39.5–25.5°)—PP (2, 3, 4 and 5 m·s−1) | 0.45 ± 0.10, 0.28 ± 0.04, 0.24 ± 0.03 and 0.20 ± 0.03 | |
| Havens & Sigward [25] | Male/Female soccer | 45° cut (5.83± 0.45 m·s−1) | 0.157 ± 0.019 | |
| Spiteri et al. [113] | Female basketball | 45° cut (reactive, human) | 0.23–0.26 | Based on training recommendations [83, 111, 148] |
| Spiteri et al. [106] | Female basketball | 45° cut (video) | 0.42 ± 0.04 to 0.51 ± 0.05 | Unilateral multiplanar plyometrics 1. Angled hops 2. Zig zag bounds 3. Ice skaters 4. Reactive side to side jumps |
| Kimura & Sakurai [34] | Male basketball | 60° cuts—slow vs. fast velocity—PP | Fast: 0.206 ± 0.021 | |
| (4.49 ± 0.42 and 5.83 ± 0.32 m·s−1) | Slow: 0.235 ± 0.017 | |||
| Condello et al. [52] | Male/Female soccer | 60° cut—PP | Male 0.233 ± 0.03 | Based on training recommendations [140] |
| Female 0.237 ± 0.03 | ||||
| Kristianslund et al. [32] | Female handball | 67±14˚ (sports specific cut with ball)—PP | 0.319 ± 0.062 | Combination of fast and slow reactive strength exercises—bordering fast and slow SSC classification [148] |
| Marshall et al. [40] | Male hurling | 75° cut—PP | 0.371 ± 0.059 | |
| Maloney et al. [112] | Male recreationally active | 90° cut—PP | Faster: 0.25 ± 0.04 | |
| Faster vs. slower comparisons | Slower: 0.31 ± 0.05 | |||
| Havens & Sigward [25] | Male/Female soccer | 90° cut—PP | 0.252 ± 0.059 | |
| Spiteri et al. [106] | Female basketball | 90° cut into shuffle—PP | 0.32 ± 0.03 to 0.35 ± 0.03 | |
| Jones et al. [36] | Female soccer | 90° cut—PP (4.40 ± 0.22 m·s−1) | 0.261 ± 0.045 | |
| Nedergaard et al. [35] | Male soccer | 135° v cut—PP (3.82–4.82 m·s−1) | 0.388 ± 0.072 to 0.496 ± 0.115 | Slow SSC actions, slow reactive strength (>0.250 s): ballistic exercises, weightlifting derivatives 1. Countermovement jumps 2. Broad Jumps 3. Jump squats 4. Weightlifting derivatives including: jump shrugs and hang clean pulls Based on training recommendations [81, 83, 98, 101, 108, 148] |
| Sasaki et al. [42] | Male soccer | 180° turn—PP | 0.44 ± 0.07 | |
| Spiteri et al. [106] | Female basketball | 180° turn—PP | 0.42 ± 0.03 to 0.47 ± 0.04 | |
| Jones et al. [36] | Female soccer | 180° turn—PP (4.03 ± 0.2 m·s−1) | 0.517 ± 0.082 | |
| Dos’Santos et al. [59] | Male team sport | 180° turn—PP | 0.46 ± 0.10 |
Note: Strength training should not be omitted and overlooked, as an underpinning foundation of strength is required for effective use of plyometrics, ballistic training, and weightlifting exercises [81, 83, 98, 101, 108, 148]. Shorter GCTs, and greater braking and propulsive forces have been identified as determinants of faster COD speed performance [40, 42, 59, 83, 106]. In light of these determinants, practitioners should develop their athlete’s ability to express high forces quickly (rate of force development) for faster COD speed performance [41, 81, 100, 105, 107]
COD change of direction, SSC stretch shortening cycle, GCT ground contact time, PP pre-planned