Table 4.
Summary of studies that have investigated the effect of velocity on COD biomechanics
| Study | Subjects | COD task | Velocity (m·s−1) comparisons | Method of determining approach velocity | Effect of faster approach velocity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vanrenterghem et al. [31] | Fourteen female participants | 45° SS–PP | 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 | Timing cells placed 2 m apart and 2 m away from the cut—and Velocity of COM | COM travel angle achieved more poorly −34.9°, 29.4°, 23.8° and 17.5° approach speeds of: 2, 3, 4 and 5 m·s−1 |
| ↑ KVMs (p < 0.05) | |||||
| ↑ Knee flexion angle (different at 5 m·s−1), ↓ GCT, ↑ Peak posterior and Medial GRF (p < 0.0005) | |||||
| Dai et al. [33] | Thirty-six recreational athletes | 45° SS–PP | 3.80 ± 0.35 and 2.10 ± 0.33 | Speed of centre of pelvis (middle of right and left ASIS and PSIS) | ↓ GCT and knee flexion ROM (p < 0.001), |
| ↑ PPGRF, knee extension moment at PPGRF, knee valgus angle and varus moment at PPGRF, knee joint stiffness and peak knee flexion angle (p ≤ 0.001) | |||||
| Kimura and Sakurai [34] | Seven male university basketball | 60° SS–PP | 5.83 ± 0.32 and 4.49 ± 0.42 | Timing cells placed 2 m apart and 2 m away from the cut and speed of whole body COM | ↑ posterior PFC impulse, peak external flexion moment, ↑ greater knee flexion in PFC (p < 0.05) |
| ↑ KVM (p < 0.05) | |||||
| ↓ GCTs in PFC and FFC (p < 0.05) | |||||
| Nedergaard et al. [35] | 10 male soccer players | 135° v cut—PP | 3.82 ± 0.36, 3.97 ± 0.39, 4.39 ± 0.48, 4.40 ± 0.77, 4.82 ± 0.58 | Timing gates 3 m apart—0.5 m prior to COD | ↑ KVM |
| ↑ trunk decelerations and during all three-foot contacts (p ≤ 0.05) | |||||
| ↑ peak ankle and knee velocities across steps (p ≤ 0.05) | |||||
| ↔ in PPGRF or peak extensor moments | |||||
| Kristianslund et al. [32] | 123 female handball players | 67 ±14° SS past a defender (with a ball)—PP | Absolute speed of COM at IC | Regression analysis—approach speed factor associated with grater KAMs | |
| An increase in approach speed of 1 SD increased the knee abduction moment ~13% |
SS sidestep, COM centre of mass, KVM peak knee valgus moment, GCT ground contact time, GRF ground reaction force, PPGRF peak posterior GRF, PFC penultimate foot contact, FFC final foot contact, KAM peak knee abduction moments, COD change of direction, IC initial contact, SD standard deviation, PP pre-planned