Table 3.

Descriptive statistics of variables for participants who completed all six waves of questionnaire survey

Variables	Range	Mean ± SD	Skewness	Kurtosis	IA1	LS1	HL1	IA2	LS2	HL2	IA3	LS3	HL3
IA1	0–10	2.15 ± 2.25	1.19	0.92	–
LS1	1–6	3.98 ± 1.05	−0.48	−0.05	−.31**	–
HL1	1–6	2.59 ± 1.11	0.68	0.13	.26**	−.32**	–
IA2	0–10	2.28 ± 2.33	1.16	0.82	.55**	−.16**	.21**	–
LS2	1–6	3.85 ± 1.06	−0.46	−0.07	−.25**	.56**	−.30**	−.23**	–
HL2	1–6	2.66 ± 1.10	0.56	0.04	.27**	−.31**	.47**	.29**	−.41**	–
IA3	0–10	1.17 ± 2.17	1.66	1.55	.44**	−.13**	.14**	.56**	−.16**	.10**	–
LS3	1–6	3.59 ± 1.05	−0.29	−0.37	−.22**	.51**	−.26**	−.16**	.61**	−.32**	−.18**	–
HL3	1–6	2.67 ± 1.06	0.50	−0.01	.21**	−.29**	.43**	.26**	−.36**	.57**	.29**	−.39**	–

IA1 Internet addiction at Time 1 (Wave 1); LS1 Life satisfaction at Time 1 (Wave 1); HL1 Hopelessness at Time 1 (Wave 1); IA2 Internet addiction at Time 2 (Wave 2); LS2 Life satisfaction at Time 2 (Wave 2); HL2 Hopelessness at Time 2 (Wave 2); IA3 Internet addiction at Time 3 (Wave 3); LS3 Life satisfaction at Time 3 (Wave 3); HL3 Hopelessness at Time 3 (Wave 3)

Scores of IA were based on the number of “Yes” answers from the IAT scale, i.e., the number of Internet addictive behaviors measured by IAT; scores of life satisfaction and hopelessness were calculated based on the averaged item scores of SWLS and HOPEL

**p < .001