Table 4.
Literature review on the toxicity of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam (both pure and formulation) to the survival and reproduction of Folsomia candida
| Neonicotinoid | LC50 (mg a.s./kg) | EC50 (mg a.s./kg) | Type of soil | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gaucho FS® (60% a.s.)–Imidacloprid | 20.96a | (*) | TAS# (fine sand > 50%; kaolinite clay and powdered coconut husk (7:2:1) | Alves et al. 2014 |
| Cruiser FS® (35% a.s.)– Thiamethoxam | >1.000a | (*) | TAS (fine sand > 50%; kaolinite clay and powdered coconut husk (7:2:1) | Alves et al. 2014 |
| Confidor WS® (75% a.s.)–Imidacloprid | 0.11 | 0.15 | ISO (sphagnunm peat, kaolin clay, quartz sand) | Idinger 2002 |
| Imidacloprid (99% a.s.) | 0.86 | 0.26 | sphagnum peat (10%), kaolinite clay (20%), quartz sand (70%) | Reynolds 2008 |
| Imidacloprid (99% a.s.) | 0.44 | 0.29 | Lufa 2.2 soil (1.5% organic carbon, pH in 0.01 M CaCl2, WHC of 43.5% of its dry weight) | van Gestel et al. 2017 |
| Imidacloprid (99% a.s.) | 0.47 | 0.26 | Lufa 2.2 soil (1.5% organic carbon, pH in 0.01 M CaCl2, WHC of 43.5% of its dry weight) | de Lima e Silva et al. 2017 |
*not available
a14 days exposure; # Tropical Artificial Soil