Table 2.

Effect of insulin addition on mechanical properties^* of PVA-borate hydrogels at room temperature (25 °C)

Formulationa	Crossover moduli Gc (Pa)	Relaxation time rc (s)	Yield stress σ (Pas)
Placebo hydrogel	4593.67 ± 138.54	1.83 ± 0.01	402.33 ± 9.11
Free insulin hydrogel	3819.30 ± 77.36	1.62 ± 0.03	295.73 ± 20.05
Insulin NP embedded in hydrogel	4442.00 ± 128.35	1.69 ± 0.02	298.47 ± 20.01

^*Data represent mean ± SD of three replicates

^aHydrogel composition was PVA (6% w/w) and borate (2.0% w/v)