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. 2017 Dec 1;25(4):1204–1236. doi: 10.1007/s12350-017-1131-5

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Schematic representation of cardiac energy metabolism Substrates are transported across the extracellular membrane into the cytosol through GLUT for glucose and FAT for fatty acid. Metabolized intermediates such as pyruvate and acyl-CoA are transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane for oxidation. Then inside the mitochondrion, substrates are oxidized or carboxylated and fed into the TCA cycle and ETC to produce ATP. GLUT, glucose transporter; FAT, fatty acid transporter; G-6-P, glucose-6-phosphate; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; TCA, tricarboxylic acid; ETC, electron transport chain; CA I, carnitine acyltransferase I; CA II, carnitine acyltransferase II