Table 2.
Volatile compounds in orange wines fermented with single non-Saccharomyces strains (mg/L)
| Volatile compounds | Ct | Bc | Hu | Pt | Hop | Ch |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alcohols | ||||||
| 1-Pentanol | – | 3.48 ± 0.11** | – | 345.89 ± 11.22** | – | 40.78 ± 3.43** |
| 1-Decanol | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Phenethyl alcohol | 6.60 ± 0.23* | 1.36 ± 0.12* | 62.60 ± 3.21 | 105.29 ± 2.32* | 51.14 ± 3.67 | 10.74 ± 0.32* |
| Subtotal | 6.60 ± 0.23* | 4.84 ± 0.23** | 62.60 ± 3.21 | 451.18 ± 13.54** | 52.04 ± 3.70 | 51.52 ± 3.75* |
| Carboxylic acids | ||||||
| Hexanoic acid | 0.38 ± 0.08* | – | 4.60 ± 0.73 | – | 3.96 ± 0.58 | – |
| Methyl pentanoic acid | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Octanoic acid | 2.14 ± 0.03** | 5.22 ± 0.45 | 13.14 ± 2.12 | 5.55 ± 0.23 | 13.57 ± 1.32 | 0.12 ± 0.07 |
| Capric acid | 0.05 ± 0.01** | – | 0.38 ± 0.11* | 0.29 ± 0.03** | 0.84 ± 0.12* | – |
| Subtotal | 2.57 ± 0.12** | 5.22 ± 0.45** | 18.12 ± 2.96* | 5.84 ± 0.26** | 18.37 ± 2.02* | 0.12 ± 0.07** |
| Esters | ||||||
| Isoamyl acetate | 1.59 ± 0.12** | 9.07 ± 1.01** | 28.19 ± 1.23** | 16.34 ± 1.02** | 62.77 ± 5.34* | 0.63 ± 0.05** |
| Ethyl acetate | – | – | – | 49.89 ± 2.01** | – | – |
| Ethyl hexanoate | 1.41 ± 0.05** | – | 13.58 ± 1.00* | 4.28 ± 0.29** | 16.51 ± 1.43 | – |
| Octyl formate | – | – | 1.04 ± 0.12** | – | – | – |
| Ethyl benzoate | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ethyl caprylate | 2.32 ± 0.07** | 0.55 ± 0.10 | 66.56 ± 0.12** | 20.89 ± 1.43** | 73.47 ± 6.85** | 0.94 ± 0.13 |
| Neryl acetate | 0.08 ± 0.02** | – | – | – | – | – |
| Isopentyl isopentanoate | – | – | 0.22 ± 0.05** | – | – | – |
| Ethyl phenylacetate | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Phenylethyl propionate | – | – | 19.69 ± 3.21** | – | – | – |
| Phenethyl acetate | 0.84 ± 0.02** | 0.45 ± 0.07** | – | 178.45 ± 16.34** | 34.11 ± 1.34 | 8.40 ± 1.02** |
| Ethyl formate | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ethyl pelargonate | – | – | – | 0.29 ± 0.04 | 0.21 ± 0.05 | – |
| Ethyl 3-phenylpropionate | – | – | 0.31 ± 0.04* | 0.86 ± 0.07** | 0.62 ± 0.04** | – |
| Ethyl 9-decenoate | 0.07 ± 0.02** | – | 0.45 ± 0.08** | 0.44 ± 0.05** | 2.08 ± 0.11** | 0.03 ± 0.01** |
| Ethyl caprate | 0.58 ± 0.04** | 0.78 ± 0.13** | 9.53 ± 0.79* | 6.38 ± 0.11** | 13.51 ± 0.58* | 0.32 ± 0.08** |
| Isoamyl caprylate | – | – | – | – | 0.28 ± 0.03 | – |
| Ethyl laurate | 0.04 ± 0.01** | – | 0.59 ± 0.13** | 0.42 ± 0.08** | 0.73 ± 0.07** | 0.02 ± 0.01 |
| Ethyl palmitate | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Subtotal | 6.93 ± 0.35** | 10.85 ± 1.31** | 140.16 ± 6.77* | 278.24 ± 21.44 | 204.29 ± 15.84 | 10.34 ± 1.30** |
| Terpene | ||||||
| Linalool | 0.27 ± 0.06** | 63.30 ± 3.56** | 1.38 ± 0.12 | 2.08 ± 0.11 | 1.43 ± 0.03 | 0.28 ± 0.04** |
| Terpineol | – | 1.96 ± 0.32** | – | 1.66 ± 0.23** | – | 0.15 ± 0.03** |
| Citronellol | – | 30.64 ± 1.01** | 1.09 ± 0.09 | 1.59 ± 0.12* | 0.99 ± 0.11 | 0.11 ± 0.01** |
| Limonene | 0.48 ± 0.09** | – | 1.37 ± 0.11** | 1.84 ± 0.21** | 2.04 ± 0.04** | 0.33 ± 0.02** |
| Valencene | – | 0.33 ± 0.02** | – | 0.47 ± 0.06** | – | 0.03 ± 0.01* |
| Subtotal | 0.75 ± 0.11** | 96.23 ± 0.11** | 3.84 ± 0.11* | 7.64 ± 0.11** | 4.46 ± 0.11** | 0.90 ± 0.11 |
| Aldehydes | ||||||
| 4-Ethylbenzaldehyde | – | – | 0.51 ± 0.11** | 0.93 ± 0.11** | – | 0.05 ± 0.01* |
| Benzeneacetaldehyde | – | – | – | 1.09 ± 0.08** | 0.59 ± 0.08** | – |
| Subtotal | – | – | 0.51 ± 0.11** | 2.02 ± 0.19** | 0.59 ± 0.08** | 0.05 ± 0.01* |
| Ketones | ||||||
| Acetophenone | 0.09 ± 0.02** | – | – | – | – | 0.16 ± 0.03** |
| Subtotal | 0.09 ± 0.02** | – | – | – | – | 0.16 ± 0.03** |
| Phenols | ||||||
| Vinyl guaiacol | 0.02 ± 0.01** | – | 0.95 ± 0.08* | 0.51 ± 0.07* | – | – |
| Subtotal | 0.02 ± 0.01* | – | 0.95 ± 0.08* | 0.51 ± 0.07* | – | – |
| Total | 16.96 ± 0.85** | 117.14 ± 2.10** | 226.18 ± 13.24* | 745.43 ± 41.61** | 279.75 ± 21.75 | 63.09 ± 5.27** |
| Volatile compounds | Hoc | Pk | Cl | Td | Sc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alcohols | |||||
| 1-Pentanol | – | – | 36.80 ± 1.02** | 466.65 ± 32.32** | – |
| 1-Decanol | – | – | – | – | 0.91 ± 0.02 |
| Phenethyl alcohol | 75.55 ± 4.32 | 226.47 ± 6.32** | 13.19 ± 1.21* | 78.91 ± 4.64 | 67.63 ± 9.32 |
| Subtotal | 75.55 ± 4.32 | 226.47 ± 6.32** | 49.99 ± 2.23 | 545.56 ± 36.96** | 68.54 ± 9.34 |
| Carboxylic acids | |||||
| Hexanoic acid | – | – | – | – | 7.21 ± 1.01 |
| Methyl pentanoic acid | 0.83 ± 0.01** | – | – | – | – |
| Octanoic acid | 1.02 ± 0.11 | 1.45 ± 0.11 | 0.13 ± 0.04 | – | 33.33 ± 1.21 |
| Capric acid | – | – | – | – | 1.45 ± 0.13 |
| Subtotal | 1.85 ± 0.12** | 1.45 ± 0.11** | 0.13 ± 0.04** | – | 41.99 ± 2.35 |
| Esters | |||||
| Isoamyl acetate | 32.22 ± 2.12** | 32.99 ± 3.53* | 1.48 ± 0.02** | 13.59 ± 1.43** | 101.83 ± 9.43 |
| Ethyl acetate | 148.06 ± 7.34** | 577.90 ± 21.32** | 46.63 ± 0.32** | – | 25.28 ± 1.34 |
| Ethyl hexanoate | – | – | 0.40 ± 0.01** | – | 22.99 ± 2.53 |
| Octyl formate | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ethyl benzoate | – | – | – | 0.38 ± 0.07** | – |
| Ethyl caprylate | 7.97 ± 1.01** | 7.74 ± 0.32** | 0.48 ± 0.02 | 4.80 ± 0.11** | 0.58 ± 0.11 |
| Neryl acetate | – | – | – | – | – |
| Isopentyl isopentanoate | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ethyl phenylacetate | – | 1.34 ± 0.04** | 0.08 ± 0.01** | 0.55 ± 0.11** | – |
| Phenylethyl propionate | – | – | – | – | – |
| Phenethyl acetate | 148.95 ± 9.87** | 50.58 ± 2.42 | 8.19 ± 0.24** | 167.88 ± 15.34** | 40.89 ± 2.43 |
| Ethyl formate | – | – | – | 0.49 ± 0.05** | – |
| Ethyl pelargonate | – | 0.32 ± 0.05 | – | – | 0.40 ± 0.06 |
| Ethyl 3-phenylpropionate | 0.24 ± 0.04 | 0.33 ± 0.06 | 0.04 ± 0.01* | 0.46 ± 0.08* | 0.16 ± 0.02 |
| Ethyl 9-decenoate | 0.54 ± 0.04** | 0.23 ± 0.02** | 0.02 ± 0.01** | 0.02 ± 0.01** | 5.40 ± 0.45 |
| Ethyl caprate | 4.93 ± 0.34** | 2.95 ± 0.12** | 0.30 ± 0.02** | 2.05 ± 0.14** | 19.03 ± 1.34 |
| Isoamyl caprylate | – | – | – | – | 0.40 ± 0.06 |
| Ethyl laurate | 0.57 ± 0.05** | – | – | – | – |
| Ethyl palmitate | – | – | 0.04 ± 0.01** | – | – |
| Subtotal | 343.48 ± 20.81* | 674.38 ± 27.88** | 57.66 ± 0.67** | 190.22 ± 17.34 | 216.96 ± 17.77 |
| Terpene | |||||
| Linalool | 2.34 ± 0.23 | 1.46 ± 0.12 | 0.13 ± 0.02** | 1.06 ± 0.11* | 1.92 ± 0.16 |
| Terpineol | 1.22 ± 0.11** | 1.43 ± 0.24** | 0.13 ± 0.01** | 0.80 ± 0.08** | – |
| Citronellol | 0.79 ± 0.10 | 0.58 ± 0.09* | 0.10 ± 0.02** | 1.01 ± 0.06 | 1.01 ± 0.07 |
| Limonene | 3.02 ± 0.11** | – | 0.16 ± 0.02 | – | – |
| Valencene | – | – | – | – | – |
| Subtotal | 7.37 ± 0.11** | 3.47 ± 0.11** | 0.52 ± 0.11** | 2.87 ± 0.11 | 2.93 ± 0.11 |
| Aldehydes | |||||
| 4-Ethylbenzaldehyde | 0.54 ± 0.09** | – | 0.07 ± 0.01** | 0.55 ± 0.09** | – |
| Benzeneacetaldehyde | – | 0.87 ± 0.11** | 0.06 ± 0.01** | – | – |
| Subtotal | 0.54 ± 0.09** | 0.87 ± 0.11** | 0.13 ± 0.02** | 0.55 ± 0.09** | – |
| Ketones | |||||
| Acetophenone | – | – | – | – | – |
| Subtotal | – | – | – | – | – |
| Phenols | |||||
| Vinyl guaiacol | – | – | – | – | 1.80 ± 0.23 |
| Subtotal | – | – | – | – | 1.80 ± 0.23 |
| Total | 428.79 ± 25.45 | 906.64 ± 34.53** | 108.43 ± 3.07** | 739.20 ± 54.50** | 332.22 ± 29.80 |
Data show the mean value of two replicates
–, not detected; Ct, C. tropicalis; Bc, B. californica; Hu, H. uvarum; Pt, P. terricola; Ho, H. opuntiae; Ch, C. humilis; Hoc, H. occidentalis; Pk, P. kudriavzevii; Cl, C. lusitaniae; Td, T. delbrueckii; S, S. cerevisiae
**p < 0.01; *p < 0.05