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. 2018 Jul 17;55(10):3991–4000. doi: 10.1007/s13197-018-3324-6

Table 2.

Influence of roasting conditions on formation of nitro-PAHs in ground coffee bean of three different countries

Time (min) Temperature (°C) Nitro-PAHs (µg/kg)
1-NN 2-NN 2-NF 9-NA 3-NF 1-NP 6-NC Total nitro-PAHs
Colombia
5 0 0.44 ± 0.04f ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.44 ± 0.04j
150 0.45 ± 0.04f ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.45 ± 0.04j
180 0.64 ± 0.17ef 0.19 ± 0.02d ND ND ND ND ND 0.84 ± 0.16ij
210 0.55 ± 0.13f 0.41 ± 0.08c ND ND ND ND ND 0.95 ± 0.15i
230 0.89 ± 0.11de 0.34 ± 0.07cd 0.11 ± 0.01e ND 0.13 ± 0.01g ND ND 1.46 ± 0.16gh
250 1.22 ± 0.64c 0.58 ± 0.15b 0.20 ± 0.02d ND 0.16 ± 0.01fg 0.13 ± 0.01d ND 2.28 ± 0.13e
10 150 0.75 ± 0.12ef ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.75 ± 0.12ij
180 1.18 ± 0.19cd 0.19 ± 0.02d ND ND 0.16 ± 0.01fg 0.12 ± 0.02d ND 1.71 ± 0.16fg
210 1.26 ± 0.09c 0.19 ± 0.03d 0.12 ± 0.01e ND 0.22 ± 0.01e 0.21 ± 0.02c ND 1.93 ± 0.03ef
230 1.66 ± 0.23b 0.38 ± 0.05c 0.38 ± 0.02c ND 0.41 ± 0.01c 0.20 ± 0.04c ND 3.03 ± 0.25d
250 1.82 ± 0.09b 0.59 ± 0.04b 0.42 ± 0.03c ND 0.63 ± 0.05b 0.41 ± 0.05b ND 3.87 ± 0.24c
20 150 0.90 ± 0.19de 0.30 ± 0.05cd ND ND ND ND ND 1.20 ± 0.17hi
180 1.61 ± 0.06b 0.32 ± 0.05cd ND ND 0.2 ± 0.01ef 0.20 ± 0.03c ND 2.23 ± 0.04e
210 1.59 ± 0.11b 0.60 ± 0.09b 0.20 ± 0.03d ND 0.28 ± 0.01d 0.41 ± 0.02b ND 3.07 ± 0.18d
230 2.46 ± 0.33a 0.73 ± 0.06b 0.47 ± 0.08b ND 0.60 ± 0.03b 0.43 ± 0.02b ND 4.69 ± 0.30b
250 2.66 ± 0.42a 0.89 ± 0.21a 0.71 ± 0.08a ND 0.87 ± 0.07a 0.60 ± 0.08a ND 5.74 ± 0.81a
Brazil
5 0 0.36 ± 0.05i ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.36 ± 0.05g
150 0.33 ± 0.08i ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.33 ± 0.08g
180 0.41 ± 0.05gh ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.41 ± 0.05g
210 0.71 ± 0.08fg 0.28 ± 0.05ef ND ND ND ND ND 0.99 ± 0.03f
230 0.71 ± 0.11fg 0.38 ± 0.07de ND ND 0.14 ± 0.01g ND ND 1.18 ± 0.10f
250 1.09 ± 0.06de 0.49 ± 0.03cd 0.12 ± 0.01e ND 0.15 ± 0.01fg 0.13 ± 0.01f ND 1.98 ± 0.04d
10 150 0.50 ± 0.11gh ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.50 ± 0.11g
180 0.84 ± 0.14ef 0.21 ± 0.07f ND ND 0.13 ± 0.01g ND ND 1.18 ± 0.20f
210 0.69 ± 0.05fg 0.32 ± 0.11ef 0.20 ± 0.04d ND 0.18 ± 0.02f 0.18 ± 0.03e ND 1.59 ± 0.18e
230 1.22 ± 0.03cd 0.60 ± 0.10bc 0.30 ± 0.03c ND 0.36 ± 0.02d 0.36 ± 0.03d ND 2.83 ± 0.05c
250 2.16 ± 0.25b 0.61 ± 0.08b 0.39 ± 0.04b ND 0.58 ± 0.03b 0.41 ± 0.04c ND 4.15 ± 0.40b
20 150 0.70 ± 0.23fg 0.21 ± 0.04f ND ND ND ND ND 0.91 ± 0.19f
180 1.35 ± 0.08cd 0.31 ± 0.09ef ND ND 0.18 ± 0.02f ND ND 1.83 ± 0.17de
210 1.40 ± 0.21c 0.49 ± 0.10cd 0.39 ± 0.01b ND 0.22 ± 0.02e 0.21 ± 0.02e ND 2.71 ± 0.30c
230 2.38 ± 0.19ab 0.52 ± 0.08bc 0.40 ± 0.03b ND 0.54 ± 0.01c 0.49 ± 0.06b ND 4.33 ± 0.31b
250 2.57 ± 0.42a 0.80 ± 0.05a 0.67 ± 0.06a ND 0.81 ± 0.02a 0.65 ± 0.05a ND 5.52 ± 0.53a
Vietnam
5 0 0.26 ± 0.02 h ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.26 ± 0.02 h
150 0.30 ± 0.03 h ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.30 ± 0.03gh
180 0.47 ± 0.02g ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.47 ± 0.02fgh
210 0.31 ± 0.01 h 0.21 ± 0.06d ND ND ND ND ND 0.51 ± 0.07fg
230 0.65 ± 0.15de 0.38 ± 0.13bc ND ND ND ND ND 1.03 ± 0.28e
250 0.70 ± 0.06de 0.34 ± 0.05bc ND ND ND ND ND 1.07 ± 0.14e
10 150 0.50 ± 0.04fg ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.50 ± 0.04fg
180 0.60 ± 0.08ef ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.65 ± 0.16f
210 0.80 ± 0.11cd 0.22 ± 0.05d ND ND ND ND ND 1.02 ± 0.16e
230 0.81 ± 0.03cd 0.29 ± 0.08cd 0.15 ± 0.02c ND 0.17 ± 0.02d 0.18 ± 0.03b ND 1.60 ± 0.09c
250 0.89 ± 0.08bc 0.39 ± 0.08bc 0.20 ± 0.02c ND 0.24 ± 0.02b 0.15 ± 0.01c ND 2.01 ± 0.18b
20 150 0.51 ± 0.09fg ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.51 ± 0.09fg
180 0.70 ± 0.12de 0.23 ± 0.07d ND ND ND ND ND 0.93 ± 0.15e
210 0.721 ± 0.04de 0.38 ± 0.06bc 0.19 ± 0.07c ND ND ND ND 1.28 ± 0.01d
230 1.00 ± 0.15ab 0.42 ± 0.07ab 0.29 ± 0.08b ND 0.22 ± 0.04c 0.17 ± 0.04bc ND 2.10 ± 0.11b
250 1.11 ± 0.07a 0.49 ± 0.04a 0.42 ± 0.04a ND 0.31 ± 0.03a 0.22 ± 0.01a ND 2.57 ± 0.12a

All treatments were replicated three times and data shown are the mean ± standard deviation

Values with different superscript letters in a column indicate significant difference (p < 0.05) by ANOVA, with Duncan’s multiple range test

ND not detected, below the limit of detection