Table 2.

Characteristics of carotenoids encapsulated utilizing different types of nanocarriers

Carotenoid	Carrier system	Size (nm)	Zeta potential (mV)	Encapsulation (%)	References
Astaxanthin	Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC)	85–138	− 22 to − 35	No reported	Tamjidi et al. (2014)
	Polymeric nanosphere	21,168–312	35.3–18 to − 30	No reported 98	Wang et al. (2017) and Tachaprutinun et al. (2009)
	Polymeric nanocapsule	98–157	− 4 to 28	59–76	Anarjan et al. (2012)
Bixin	Solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN)	135.5–352.8	− 17.9 to − 36.5	17.96	Rao et al. (2014)
	Polymeric nanocapsule	195	− 14	100	Lobato et al. (2013)
β-carotene	Liposome	1900–2500	− 38 to − 74	100	Toniazzo et al. (2014)
	Nanoemulsion	132–184	No reported	100	Yuan et al. (2008)
	Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC)	8–15	No reported	100	Hejri et al. (2013)
	Solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN)	168	No reported	No reported	Qian et al. (2013)
	Polymeric nanocapsule	166	− 18	100	da Silva et al. (2016)
	Polymeric nanosphere	32–206	− 8 to − 32	No reported	Yin et al. (2009)
		102–793	− 24 to 9	15–65	Cao-Hoang et al. (2011)
Canthaxanthin	Liposome	174–425	No reported	No reported	Xia et al. (2015)
Lycopene	Nanoemulsion	100–200	− 33 to − 42	51–65	Ha et al. (2015)
	Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC)	150–160	− 73 to − 75	100	Okonogi and Riangjanapatee (2015)
	Polymeric nanocapsule	193	− 12	100	dos Santos et al. (2015)
Lutein	Nanoelmulsion	150	No reported	100	Vishwanathan et al. (2009)
	Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC)	150–350	− 40 to − 63	No reported	Mitri et al. (2011)
	Polymeric nanocapsule	191–195	− 5	99	Brum et al. (2017)
	Polymeric nanosphere	200	No reported	100	Hong et al. (2016)
		72–143	No reported	No reported	Tan et al. (2016b)