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. 2018 Jul 17;4:76. doi: 10.1038/s41420-018-0078-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — The cells were treated with various concentrations of cocaine for 1 h. Lactate was measured by colorimetric (a) method (n = 12). Medium from the untreated cells was taken as a control while the medium without cells was used as a blank. Confirmation of lactate release by¹H⁺ NMR (b) spectroscopy. Lactate peaks are visible in the spectra at 1.25 ppm for the methyl group (doublet) and 4.04 ppm for the methine group (quartet), c H₂S production (n = 16), and d ATP measurement by bioluminescence (n = 8). Significant in comparison to the control (*P < 0.05 or **P < 0.01, one-way ANOVA, Dunnett’s multiple comparison test)