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. 2018 Sep 11;8:13644. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28968-9

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Human transforming growth factor-β1 (hTGF-β1) induces fibrogenic differentiation and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activation in human LR-MSCs. (A) The protein expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen I and fibronectin in human LR-MSCs cultured in medium supplemented with hTGF-β1 (10 ng/ml) for various durations were examined by Western blot. Representative gel electrophoresis bands are shown, and the levels of the proteins were quantified by densitometry and normalized to the expression of β-actin. Densitometry data are shown as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05 versus control. (B,C) Human LR-MSCs were incubated with hTGF-β1 (10 ng/ml) for 24 h, followed by measurement of several important nodes of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. (B) The protein expression levels of β-catenin, p-GSK-3β and GSK-3β were determined by Western blot. Representative gel electrophoresis bands are shown, and the levels of the proteins were quantified by densitometry and normalized to the expression of β-actin. Densitometry data are shown as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05 versus control. (C) The expression of β-catenin was assessed by immunofluorescence assay. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue).