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. 2018 Sep 11;8:13581. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32045-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Performance evaluation of transparent electrode used as a heater. (A) A copper nanowire was fabricated on the outside of the commercial vial, a current was passed, and the heating pattern was photographed with an infrared camera over time. (B) Various voltages were applied to the electrodes and the temperature changes observed. (C) On/off voltage and observation of temperature change. (D) Measuring the maximum temperature of the electrode, which was stepped up gradually to a higher voltage. (E) Observation of the electrode with a thermal imaging camera at the maximum temperature. (F) A graph showing thermal stability of fabricated transparent heater. The red curve shows that the temperature is steadily maintained at 120 degrees Celsius and the blue curve shows that the temperature is kept at 100 degrees Celsius and then kept at 50 degrees Celsius and steady. The English in this document has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English. For a certificate, please see: http://www.textcheck.com/certificate/LkcBh1