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. 2018 Sep 11;8:13576. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31851-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Occurrence of torC, torE, napC and napE genes among the proteobacteria. The presence of each gene is represented by block coloured in dark blue, light blue, dark green and light green, respectively. The phylogenetic tree has been constructed using the GyrB protein sequence from a bacterium of each genus of proteobacteria. Branches are coloured according to the class of proteobacteria. Within the gammaproteobacteria class, the enterobacteria order was specifically indicated. (b) Sequence logo of the TorE and NapE proteins. The conserved residues in the two sequences are shown. The black star indicated that the tyrosine residue is highly conserved in the NapE proteins except in bacteria that also possess the TorE protein. (c) Helical projection of the hydrophobic stretch of the TorE protein of S. oneidensis. These residues (from 31 to 52) were selected because of their location between two prolines. The conserved residues are indicated by arrows. The centreline of the helix is represented. (d) Complementation experiments. Growth curves of the wild type strain (MR1/pBAD) and ΔtorE mutant harbouring either pBAD, pTorE, pNapE or pCydX plasmid. Cells were grown anaerobically in LB medium in the presence of TMAO, arabinose and chloramphenicol. Each point represents the average ± standard error of three independent experiments.