Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study group.
| Variables | Overall cohort | Men | Women | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 262 | 137 | 125 | — |
| Age (yrs) | 39 ± 9 | 40 ± 10 | 38 ± 9 | 0.43 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.0 ± 6.2 | 30.0 ± 5.0 | 30.1 ± 7.3 | 0.85 |
| Normal weight/overweight/obese (n) | 56/83/123 | 20/51/66 | 36/32/57 | 0.01 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 99 ± 14 | 101 ± 12 | 96 ± 14 | 0.002 |
| Fat body mass (%) | 31 ± 9 | 27 ± 7 | 36 ± 8 | <0.0001 |
| Fat free mass (%) | 69 ± 9 | 73 ± 7 | 64 ± 8 | <0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 127 ± 15 | 131 ± 12 | 124 ± 17 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 81 ± 11 | 84 ± 10 | 78 ± 11 | <0.0001 |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 195 ± 39 | 197 ± 37 | 192 ± 40 | 0.23 |
| HDL Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 50 ± 14 | 44 ± 11 | 56 ± 13 | <0.0001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 119 ± 69 | 137 ± 75 | 99 ± 55 | <0.0001 |
| Fasting Glucose (mg/dl) | 90 ± 9 | 92 ± 9 | 88 ± 9 | 0.01 |
| 2-h glucose (mg/dl) | 114 ± 26 | 113 ± 24 | 115 ± 27 | 0.44 |
| Fasting insulin (µU/ml) | 13.7 ± 8.8 | 14.4 ± 9.4 | 12.9 ± 8.0 | 0.19 |
| HbA1c (%) [mmol/mol] | 5.4 ± 0.3 [36 mmol/mol] |
5.4 ± 0.3 [36 mmol/mol] |
5.4 ± 0.3 [36 mmol/mol] |
0.31 |
| Total IgG (mg/ml) | 11.4 ± 2.6 | 11.2 ± 2.6 | 11.7 ± 2.6 | 0.09 |
| IgG1 (mg/ml) | 6.5 ± 1.7 | 6.4 ± 1.9 | 6.6 ± 1.6 | 0.40 |
| IgG2 (mg/ml) | 4.0 ± 1.5 | 3.9 ± 1.3 | 4.1 ± 1.7 | 0.15 |
| IgG3 (mg/ml) | 0.40 ± 0.20 | 0.38 ± 0.17 | 0.42 ± 0.22 | 0.09 |
| IgG4 (mg/ml) | 0.65 ± 0.58 | 0.75 ± 0.17 | 0.42 ± 0.22 | 0.003 |
| hsCRP (mg/l) | 3.1 ± 4.2 | 2.9 ± 4.7 | 3.4 ± 3.6 | 0.22 |
| Complement C3 (g/l) | 1.19 ± 0.26 | 1.19 ± 0.23 | 1.18 ± 0.29 | 0.70 |
| White blood cell count (cell/mm3) | 7068 ± 1966 | 7205 ± 2033 | 6919 ± 1887 | 0.24 |
| Insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (mg * min−1 * kg FFM −1) | 7.1 ± 3.7 | 6.4 ± 3.2 | 7.8 ± 4.1 | 0.004 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.0 ± 2.0 | 3.2 ± 2.1 | 2.8 ± 1.8 | 0.07 |
| Liver IR index | 2.97 ± 0.40 | 2.99 ± 0.41 | 2.96 ± 0.39 | 0.59 |
| QUICKI | 0.25 ± 0.04 | 0.25 ± 0.04 | 0.26 ± 0.04 | 0.10 |
| Glucose0–30 (AUC) × insulin0–30 (AUC) | 35.0 ± 23.7 | 36.7 ± 22.3 | 33.1 ± 25.2 | 0.07 |
| Stumvoll ISIOGTT | 0.061 ± 0.058 | 0.059 ± 0.068 | 0.063 ± 0.048 | 0.21 |
| Matsuda index | 74 ± 48 | 71 ± 49 | 78 ± 46 | 0.14 |
| Gutt’s ISI0,120 | 19.2 ± 7.1 | 19.3 ± 7.4 | 19.1 ± 6.7 | 0.86 |
| Muscle insulin sensitivity index | 1.19 ± 1.12 | 1.05 ± 0.99 | 1.29 ± 1.21 | 0.03 |
| NGT/IFG/IGT/combo IFG + IGT (n) | 200/21/30/11 | 100/17/12/8 | 100/4/18/3 | 0.01 |
| Smoking status (never smokers/current smokers/ex-smokers) | 164/66/32 | 74/41/22 | 90/35/10 | 0.009 |
Data are means ± SD. Triglycerides, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR index, glucose0–30 (AUC) × insulin0–30 (AUC), Matsuda, Gutt’s ISI0,120, Stumvoll ISIOGTT, Muscle insulin sensitivity index, and hsCRP levels were log transformed for statistical analysis, but values in the table represent a back transformation to the original scale. Differences between means were compared using unpaired Student’s t test. Categorical variables were compared by χ2 test. NGT = normal glucose tolerance; IGT = impaired glucose tolerance; IFG = impaired fasting glucose; BMI = body mass index; hsCRP = high sensitivity C reactive protein; HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin; HDL = high density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance; Liver IR index = liver insulin resistance index.