Table 2.
The potential genes for CRISPR modification.
| Name of the modified gene | Benefits for xenotransplantation | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Human CD59+ | Reduction of activation of serum complement on the luminal surface of the vascular endothelium | (35) |
| Human CD55+ | Reduction of activation of serum complement on the luminal surface of the vascular endothelium | (36) |
| Human GLA+ | Reduction of interaction of Galα(1,3)Gal with antibodies and complement directed against swine Gal antigen | (37) |
| Human H-transferase+ | Reduction of Galα1,3-Gal expression | (38) |
| Human CD46+ | Reduction of activation of serum complement on the luminal surface of the vascular endothelium | (39) |
| Human GnT-III+ | Reduction of antigenicity to natural human antibodies, especially the Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-R | (40) |
| Human TRAIL+ | Controlling post-hyperacute rejection mechanisms mediated by cellular components of the immune system | (41) |
| Human DAF and MCP+ | Supporting the idea of modulating coagulation pathway activation in transgenic pigs | (42) |
| Porcine CTLA4-Ig+ | Reduction of T-cell activity | (43) |
| Human thrombomodulin+ | Elevation in activated protein C production to control xenogenic coagulation | (44) |
| HLA-E/Human Beta-2-microglobulin+ | Protection against xenogeneic human anti-pig natural killer cell cytotoxicity | (45) |
| Human A20+ | Protection against apoptotic and inflammatory stimuli | (46) |
| Endo-B-Galactosidase+ | Reduction of alphaGal expression | (47) |
| CIITA-DN+ | Reduction of human CD4(+) T-cell proliferation reduction of humoral and cellular responses to the pig aortic endothelial cells (pAECs) | (48) |
| Human Fas Ligand+ | Reduction of CD8+ CTL-mediated cytotoxicity (49) | (50) |
| Human TNFRI-Fc+ | Reduction of activation of porcine endothelial cells | (51) |
| Human heme oxygenase 1+ | Increasing the protection of xenografts when exposed to oxidative stresses, especially from ischemia/reperfusion injury, and/or acute rejection mediated by cytokines | (52) |
| Human CD39+ | Protection against myocardial injury and ischemia/reperfusion injury | (53) |
| LEA29Y+ | Normalize blood glucose levels and inhibition of human–anti-pig rejection | (54) |