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. 2018 Sep 11;8:13641. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31804-9

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Loss of anticipation due to misalignment between nutrient and clock-controlled exocytosis cues. (A,D) Comparison of experimental insulin levels (red dots) for nighttime (upper panel, A) and daytime feeding (lower panel, D). (B,E) Comparison of in silico insulin secretion (red dotted curve, B) for nighttime (upper panel, E) and daytime feeding (lower panel). (C,F) Comparison of in silico insulin levels (red dotted curve) for nighttime (upper panel, C) and daytime feeding (lower panel, F) in the absence of any clock. Food intake is represented in green. A food anticipatory insulin rise can only be observed in panels A and B. The alternation of white and grey bars symbolises the LD cycles.