Table 1.
The cardioprotective effects of WXKL.
| Experimental models | Outcome measures | Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| TAC SD rats | FS↑, p-CaMK II↓, p-PLB↑, p-RYR2↑, Collagen↓, APD90↓ | Decreasing cardiac hypertrophy and inhibited the arrhythmia | Yang et al., 2017a |
| TAC SD rats | Q-T dispersion↓, LVPWd↓, IVSd↓, LVIDs↓, Cx43 mRNA↑ | Improving cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling of Cx43 in myocardium | Long et al., 2017 |
| TAC rabbits | EF↑, FS↑, LVESD↓, LVEDD↓, LVESV↓, LVEDV↓, SERCA2a mRNA and protein↑ | Improving cardiac function | Lian et al. (2014) |
| MI SD rats | LVEF↑, infarct size↓, Cx43-p↑, Cx43-np↓, miR-1↑, SRF↑, VFT↑ | Protecting the ultrastructure of the gap junctions and inhibited the arrhythmia | Wu et al., 2017a,b |
| MI SD rats | EF↑, FS↑, LViDd↓, LViDs↓, ESV↓, EDV↓, apoptosis rate↓, Ang II↓ | Improving the cardiac function, reversing ventricular remodeling and inhibiting myocardial apoptosis | Wu et al., 2013 |
| MI SD rats | EF↑, FS↑, LViDd↓, LViDs↓, ESV↓, EDV↓, CaMKII↓, p-CaMKII↓, PLB↓, p-PLB↑, RYR2↑, FKBP12.6↑, incidences of EADs and DAD↓, | Improving the cardiac function and inhibiting the arrhythmia by regulating the CaMKII signal transduction pathway | Xing et al., 2013 |
| MI SD rats | ET-1↓, NO↑ | Protection of vascular endothelial cells | Guan et al., 2011 |
| MI rabbits | EF↑, FS↑, ESD↓, EDD↓, ESV↓, EDV↓, collagen↓; apoptosis rate↓; CX3CR1↓, MRC1↓, FPR1↓, CTSC↓, TTC5↓, ACE↓, EDN1↓, RSPO3↑ | Inhibiting inflammation, renin-angiotensin system, and myocardial apoptosis | Zheng et al., 2016 |
| I/R SD rats | LVEF↑, LVFS↑ LVAWs↑, E/A↑, Peak vel↑, HR↑, LVSP↑, LVDP↑, +dp/dtmax↑, -dp/dtmax↓, taurine↓ acetoacetate↓ | Modulating the key metabolites, overcoming the oxidative stress and the shortage of energy sources | Jiang et al., 2017 |
| I/R SD rats | NO↑, SOD↑, MDA↓ | Reducing free radicals and antioxidative stress | Wang et al., 2014 |
| I/R SD rats | Myocardial infarction size↓ | Protecting myocardium | Wang and Liu, 2014 |
| I/R rabbits | MDA↓, LDH↓, CK↓, SOD↑, incidence of arrhythmia↓ | Protecting myocardium and anti-arrhythmia | Zhou and Sun, 2015 |
| Spontaneously hypertensive rats | Cx43-p↑ | Improving myocardial remodeling and delaying myocardial fibrosis | Wu et al., 2017c |
| CHF Wistar rats | ET-1↓ | Protection of vascular endothelial cells | Liu et al., 2007a |
| Beagle dogs | CK↓, CK-MB, LDH↓, serum globulin↑, serum lysozyme↑ | Protection of myocardium | Zhang et al., 2012 |
| ISO-induced SD rats | ST segment elevation (MAX)↓, CK↓ | Protecting myocardium | Xiang et al., 2015 |
| ISO-induced SD rats | β-catenin protein↓, c-myc↓ | Improving cardiac hypertrophy | Wang et al., 2011a |
| ISO-induced SD rats | LVEDP↓, +dp/dtmax↑ | Improving cardiac function | Zhou et al., 2007 |
| ADR-induced Wistar rats | LVSP↑, LVEDP↓, +dp/dtmax↑, -dp/dtmax↓, Ang II↓ | Improving cardiac function | Liu et al., 2007b |
| Ang II-inducedH9C2 cells | Cell length and width↓ | Improving cytoskeletal protein and anti-hypertrophy | Ren et al., 2016 |
| NE-induced H9C2 cells | Cx43 mRNA↑, cell length and width↓, cell proliferation↑ | Anti-hypertrophy | Yang et al., 2012 |
SD, Sprague-Dawley; PLB, phospholamban; RYR2, Ryanodine receptor 2; SRF, serum response factor; LVAWs, left ventricular end-systolic anterior wall; E/A, E-wave to A-wave; Peak vel, aortic valve peak velocity; LVSP, left ventricular systolic pressure; LVDP, left ventricular development pressure; +dp/dtmax, left ventricular maximum upstroke velocity; -dp/dtmax, left ventricular maximum descent velocity; ESD, end-systolic dimension; EDD, end-diastolic dimension; ESV, end-systolic volume; EDV, end-diastolic volume; EDN1, endothelin 1; FKBP12.6, FK binding protein 12.6; SHR, spontaneously hypertensive rats; LVPWd, left ventricular posterior wall end-diastolic thickness; IVSd, interventricular septum thickness at end-diastole; CHF, congestive heart failure; LVEDP, left ventricular end diastolic pressure.