Table 2.

The antiarrhythmic effect of WXKL.

Experimental models	Targets	Effects	Reference
TAC SD rabbits	EF, FS↑, LVESD↓, LVEDD↓, LVESV↓, LVEDV↓, TDR↓, VFT↑	Anti-arrhythmia and improving cardiac structure	Liu et al., 2012
TAC SD rabbits	SACT↓	Anti-arrhythmia	Liu et al., 2011
MI and depressed SD rats	MAPD90↓, Left ventricular-ERP↓, VFT↑	Improving cardiac electrical remodeling	Liang et al., 2012
I/R SPF rats	Incidence of VT+ VF↓, duration of VT +VF↓, CK↓, CK-MB↓, LDH↓, AST↓	Anti-arrhythmia and protecting myocardium	Jin et al., 2006
I/R SPF rats	Na+-K+-ATPase↑, Ca2+ ATPase↑, Mg2+ ATPase↑, ST segment elevation(MAX)↓	Anti-arrhythmia and improving of myocardial ischemia	Zeng et al., 2006
BL-induced SD rats I/R SD rats	Incidence of VT +VF↓, Duration of arrhythmia↓; Degree of ST segment elevation↓	Inhibiting BL-reduced arrhythmia and protecting myocardium	Guo et al., 2013
ISO-induced SD rats	MDP↓, APA↓, PRF↓, VDD↓, Vmax↓, APD90↑	Reducing spontaneous discharge frequency and anti-arrhythmia	Xu et al., 2010
Ischemia-induced rats; Cardiac ventricular myocytes	Incidence of VT +VF↓, Number of episodes of VT+VF↓, number of episodes of VEBs/min↓, arrhythmia score↓, ICaL↓, Ito↓,	Attenuating ischemia-induced ventricular arrhythmias	Wang et al., 2013
Guinea pig hearts	HR↑, QRS↓, Q-T interval↓, CaV 1.2 channel↓	Prevention of quinidine-induced arrhythmia	Wang et al., 2017
Rabbit Purkinje cells	APD↓, EADs↓, DADs↓, TAs↓, INaL↓, INaP↓, ICaL↓	Exhibiting antiarrhythmic role via selective inhibition of INaL	Hou et al., 2016
Rats ventricular myocytes	APD↓, ICaL↓	Treatment of arrhythmias	Chen et al., 2013a
Rats ventricular myocytes	ICa↓, I–V curve↑	Anti-arrhythmia	Wang et al., 2011b
Rats ventricular myocytes	Ito↓, I–V curve↓	Anti-arrhythmia	Wang et al., 2010
Rabbit ventricular myocytes	INaL↓, INCX↓, ICaL↓, APD↓	Inhibiting hypoxia-reoxygenation induced tachycardia	Luo et al., 2017
Rabbit ventricular myocytes	INaL↓, EADs↓, DADs↓, Q-T interval↓	Inhibiting ventricular arrhythmias	Xue et al., 2013
Rabbits ventricular myocytes	APD90↑, TDR↓	Anti-arrhythmia	Cui, 2007
Canine cardiomyocytes	P2R↓, VT↓, VF↓, NMI↓, J Wave Area↓, Ito↓, ICa↓	Suppressed arrhythmogenesis of Brugada syndrome	Minoura et al., 2013
Canine atrial and ventricular myocytes, HEK293 Cells	Atrial-selective Na+ channels↓	Suppression of atrial fibrillation	Hu et al., 2016
Canine arterially perfused right atrial preparations with a rim of right ventricular tissue; HEK293 cells	APD90↓, Atrial-selective ERP↑, INa↓	Suppressed atrial fibrillation	Burashnikov et al., 2012
Ouabain-perfused ventricular myocytes	APD90↑, EAD↓, TA↓	Anti-arrhythmia	Chen et al., 2010
Xenopus oocyte	HCN2 instantaneous currency↑	Regulation of HCN2 channel	Li et al., 2011

I_NCX, Na⁺–Ca²⁺ exchange current; I_NaP, peak sodium current; GP, ganglionic plexi; VEB, ventricular ectopic beats; I_to, transient outward potassium current; P2R, phase 2 re-entry; NMI, notch magnitude index; ERP, effective refractory period; BL, barium chloride; MAP, monophasic action potential; VFT, ventricular fibrillation threshold; I–V, current–voltage; TDR, transmural repolarization dispersion; HCN2, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channels-2.