Table 2. Survival Analysis.
| Hazard Ratio (95% CI)a | |
|---|---|
| Full Cohort (N = 25 489) | |
| Unadjusted | 1.35 (0.97-1.88) |
| Model 1: adjusts for prior severe hypoglycemia-related ED visits or hospital admissions | 1.33 (0.95-1.84) |
| Model 2: adjusts for prior severe hypoglycemia-related ED visits or hospital admissions and time-dependent indicators for oral diabetes therapy use | 1.31 (0.94-1.82) |
| Model 3: adjusts for prior severe hypoglycemia-related ED visits or hospital admissions, time-dependent indicators for oral diabetes therapy use, and additional unbalanced baseline covariatesb | 1.22 (0.86-1.75) |
| Propensity Score–Matched Sample (n = 4428) | |
| Unadjusted | 1.17 (0.73-1.75) |
| Model 1: adjusts for prior severe hypoglycemia-related ED visits or hospital admissions | 1.18 (0.74-1.78) |
| Model 2: adjusts for prior severe hypoglycemia-related ED visits or hospital admissions and time-dependent indicators for oral diabetes therapy use | 1.21 (0.75-1.84) |
| Model 3: adjusts for prior severe hypoglycemia-related ED visits or hospital admissions, time-dependent indicators for oral diabetes therapy use, and additional unbalanced baseline covariatesc | 1.16 (0.71-1.78) |
Abbreviation: ED, emergency department.
The hazard ratios in the full cohort used traditional regression adjustment. The hazard ratios in the frequency-matched sample used 1000 bootstrap regressions. Risk conferred by initiating long-acting insulin analog vs neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin. Hazard ratio >1 favors NP insulin.
The covariates were baseline diabetes treatment regimen, statin use, visual impairment, hospital use, outpatient medical visits, duration of diabetes, body mass index, year of index prescription, patient insulin co-pay, Kaiser Permanente of Northern California (KPNC) service area, prescribing clinician specialty, and medication nonadherence.
The covariates were outpatient medical visits, KPNC service area, and year of index prescription.