Table 6.
Data extracted from articles: Incidence and intensity of CHE and impoverishment reported in various articles
| No. | Author | County | Primary outcome | Threshold | Incidence range | Intensity range | Poverty Line | Poverty Head count | HHs Impoverished | Out of Pocket expenditure | Type of costs | Inpatient & Outpatient costs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | (Xu et al., 2006) [47, 48] | Kenya | CHE & Impoverishment | 40% – Non-food Expenditure | 40% (4.1) | NR | $0.5 (28 KES) | 30.5 | 1.5% | Direct costs | Medical & Non-Medical | Inpatient & Outpatient |
| 2 | (Onwujekwe et al., 2010) [66] | Nigeria | CHE | 5% - Non-food expenditure | 5% (8.2) | NR | NR | NR | NR | Direct costs | Medical & Non-Medical | Outpatient |
| 3 | (Kwesiga et al., 2015) [57, 59] | Uganda | CHE & Impoverishment | 10% - HH income | 5%, 10%, 15%, 25% (38, 22.8, 15.3, 6.7) | 5%, 10%, 15%, 25% (3.8, 2.5 1.7, 0.8) | $1 | 29% | 4.5% | Direct costs | Medical | Outpatient |
| 4 | (Akazili et al., 2017) [65] | Ghana | CHE | 5% - 20% HH expenditure 10% - 40% Non-food expenditure | 5%,10%,15%,20% - HH Income, (11, 5.16, 3.39,2.56) 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% - Non-food expenditure (10.7, 4.91, 3.17, 2.43) | 5%,10%,15%,20% - HH Income, (1.83, 1.47, 1.26, 1.11) 10%, 20%, 40% -Non-food expenditure (3.39, 2.68, 2.01) | NR | NR | NR | Direct costs | Medical | Inpatient & Outpatient |
| 5 | (Laokri et al., 2014) [40] | Benin | CHE | 10% - HH income | 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% (88.6, 71.8, 58, 45.7, 36.3) | 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% (12.8, 7.8, 2.8, 2.2, 7.2) | NR | NR | NR | Direct costs | Medical | Outpatient |
| 6 | (Barasa et al., 2017) [52] | Kenya | CHE & Impoverishment | 40% – Non-food Expenditure | 40% (6.58) | 40% (5.73) | $0.75 (29.13 Urban, 15.62 Rural per month) | 68.21 | 1.6% | Direct costs | Medical & Non-Medical | Inpatient & Outpatient |
| 7 | (Ichoku and Fonta, 2009) [41] | Nigeria | CHE & Impoverishment | 10%, 30%, 40% - HH expenditure | 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%,40% (47.8, 38.8, 22.7, 13.6, 9, 3.5, 1.7) | 2.5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%,40% (6.2, 5.8, 4.7, 3.6, 2.8, 1.5, 0.9) | $22.2 per month | 72 | 2.6% | NR | NR | NR |
| 8 | (Chuma and Maina, 2012) [60] | Kenya | CHE & Impoverishment | 10% - HH expenditure & 40% - Non-food expenditure | 10%, 25%, 40% (15.5, 16, 11.4) | 10%, 25%, 40% (11, 27.2, 25.4) | $0.5 (1257 KES per month) | 57.6 | 2.7% | Direct costs | Medical | Inpatient & Outpatient |
| 9 | (Buigut et al., 2015) [53] | Kenya | CHE | 10% HH income | 10%, 15%, 20%, 30% (22.8, 4.11, 2.7, 1.55) | NR | NR | NR | NR | Direct costs | Medical & Non-Medical | Outpatient |
| 10 | (Su et al., 2006) [44] | Burkina Faso | CHE | 40% – Non-food Expenditure | 20%, 30%, 40% (15.12, 10.59, 8.66) | NR | NR | NR | NR | Direct costs | Medical & Non-Medical | Inpatient & Outpatient |
| 11 | (Sene and Cisse, 2015) [30] | Senegal | CHE & Impoverishment | 10% - HH expenditure | 5%, 10%, 15%,20%, 25% (16.2, 6.26, 2.33, 1.38, 0.87) | NR | $1 | 48.14 | 1.4% | Direct costs | Medical & Non-Medical | Inpatient & Outpatient |
| 12 | (Dyer et al., 2013) [45] | South Africa | CHE | 40% – Non-food Expenditure | 40% (22) | NR | NR | NR | NR | Direct & Indirect costs | Medical & Non-Medical | Outpatient |
| 13 | (Brinda et al., 2014) [51] | Tanzania | CHE | 40% – Non-food Expenditure | 40% (18) | NR | NR | NR | NR | Direct costs | Medical | Inpatient & Outpatient |
| 14 | Masiye et al., 2016) [49] | Zambia | CHE | 10% - HH income & 40% - Non-food expenditure | 10%, 40% (11.2, 9.3) | NR | NR | NR | NR | Direct costs | Medical & Non-Medical | Outpatient |
| 15 | (Arsenault et al., 2013) [55] | Mali | CHE | 10% - HH income | 5%, 10%, 15% (53.5, 33.5, 20.7) | NR | NR | NR | NR | Direct costs | Medical & Non-Medical | Outpatient |
| 16 | (Okoronkwo et al., 2015) [72] | Nigeria | CHE | 30% – Non-food Expenditure | 30% (45) | NR | NR | NR | NR | Direct costs | Medical & Non-Medical | Outpatient |
| 17 | Ughasoro et al., 2014) [73] | Nigeria | CHE | 40% – Non-food Expenditure | 40% (Inpatient-63.6, Outpatient 34.1) | NR | NR | NR | NR | Direct costs | Medical & Non-Medical | Inpatient & Outpatient |
| 18 | (Mills et al., 2012) [14] | Ghana; South Africa; Tanzania | CHE | 40% – Non-food Expenditure | 40% (Ghana-2.43, Tanzania-1.52, South Africa-0.09) | NR | NR | NR | NR | Direct costs | NR | NR |
| 19 | (Onwujekwe et al., 2012) [64] | Nigeria | CHE | 40% – Non-food Expenditure | 5%, 40% (57, 27) | NR | NR | NR | NR | Direct costs | Not indicated | Inpatient & Outpatient |
| 20 | (Onwujekwe et al., 2009) [62] | Nigeria | CHE | 40% – Non-food Expenditure | 40% (9.8) | NR | NR | NR | NR | Direct costs | Medical & Non-Medical | Outpatient |
| 21 | (Onwujekwe et al., 2016) [38] | Nigeria | CHE | 40% – Non-food Expenditure | 10%, 40% (Inpatient-100, 40.3: Outpatient-94.3, 7.7) | NR | NR | NR | NR | Direct costs | Medical & Non-Medical | Inpatient & Outpatient |
| 22 | (Akinkugbe et al., 2012) [16] | Botswana, Lesotho | CHE & Impoverishment | 20% Non-food Expenditure & 40% – Non-food Expenditure | 20%, 40% (Botswana-11.1, 3.22: Lesotho-7.43, 1.25) | NR | NR | NR | NR | Direct costs | Medical & Non-Medical | Not indicated |
| 23 | (Castillo-Riquelme et al., 2008) [69] | South Africa | CHE | 10% - HH income & 40% - Non-food expenditure | 10%, 40% (Mozambique-32, 34; Kwazulu Natal-11.4, 12.5; Mpumalanga-10.2, 9) | NR | NR | NR | NR | Direct & Indirect costs | Medical | Inpatient & Outpatient |
| 24 | (Ukwaja et al., 2013) [46, 50] | Nigeria | CHE | 10% - HH income & 40% - Non-food expenditure | 10%, 15%, 25%, 40% (65, 84, 68, 44) | 10%, 15%, 25%, 40% (6, 12.3, 10.7, 8.3) | NR | NR | NR | Direct costs | Medical & Non-Medical | Outpatient |
| 25 | (Mchenga et al., 2017) [37] | Malawi | CHE & Impoverishment | 10% - Non-food expenditure & 40% - Non-food expenditure | 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% (9.37, 3.41, 1.6, 0.7) | 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% (1.01, 0.43, 0.2, 0.08) | $0.6 (K37002 Per annum) | 51.9 | 0.9% | Direct costs | Not Indicated | Not indicated |
| 26 | (Ichoku et al., 2009) [36] | Nigeria | CHE & Impoverishment | 5% - HH expenditure & 10% HH expenditure | 5%, 10% (29, 21.75) | 5%, 10% (5.67, 4.4) | $1 (N2900 per month) | 61 | 4.1% | Direct costs | Medical & Non-Medical | Outpatient |
| 27 | (Ilunga-Ilunga et al., 2015) [39] | Democratic Republic of Congo | CHE | 10% - HH expenditure & 40% - Non-food expenditure | 10%, 40% (65.3, 94.7) | NR | NR | NR | NR | Direct costs | Not Indicated | Inpatient |
| 28 | (Adisa, 2015) [43] | Nigeria | CHE | 10% - HH expenditure | 10% (9.61) | NR | NR | NR | NR | Direct costs | Medical | Inpatient & Outpatient |
| 29 | (Cleary et al., 2013) [56] | South Africa | CHE | 10% - HH expenditure | 10% (All 39.35 ~ TB-32.9, ART- 22.7, CEOC-66.1) | NR | NR | NR | NR | Direct costs | Medical & Non-Medical | Inpatient & Outpatient |
| 30 | (Ataguba, 2012) [42] | Nigeria | CHE | 10% - HH expenditure & 40% - Non-food expenditure | 10%, 15%, 20%, 40% (25.4, 19.6, 15.6, 17.2) | 10%, 15%, 20%, 40% (6.01, 4.9, 4.02, 4.9) | NR | NR | NR | Direct costs | Medical | Not Indicated |
| 31 | (Counts and Skordis-Worrall, 2016) [71] | Tanzania | CHE | 40% – Non-food Expenditure | 40% (Affected-7.5, Un affected - 6.7) | NR | NR | NR | NR | Direct costs | Medical & Non-Medical | Inpatient & Outpatient |
| 32 | (Wang et al., 2016) [58] | Malawi | CHE & Impoverishment | 10% - Non-food expenditure & 40% - Non-food expenditure | 10%, 25%, 40% (21.3, 10.7, 4.5) | NR | $1.25 | 44.7 | 1.7% | Direct costs & Indirect costs | Medical & Non-Medical | Outpatient |
| 33 | (Beaulière et al., 2010) [54, 74] | Côte d'Ivoire | CHE | 40% – Non-food Expenditure | 10%, 20%, 40% (50, 28, 12) | NR | NR | NR | NR | Direct costs | Medical & Non-Medical | Outpatient |
| 34 | (Xu et al., 2006a) [47] | Uganda | CHE | 40% – Non-food Expenditure | 40% (1997-4.82, 2000-3.15, 2003-2.92) | NR | NR | NR | NR | Direct costs | Medical | Not indicated |