Table 4. Univariable and multivariable analyses of cefotaxime resistancea of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in patients of Dutch sexually transmitted infection centres, by sex/sexual orientation, 2007–2015 (n = 11,643 isolates).
| Characteristics | Univariable analyses OR (95%CI) | Multivariable analyses aOR (95%CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MSM | Heterosexual men | Women | MSM | Heterosexual men | Women | |
| Year of diagnosis | ||||||
| 2008 (vs 2007) | 2.6 (1.6–4.2) | 0.5 (0.2–1.8) | 1.2 (0.2–6.1) | 1.4 (0.4–5.4) | < 0.001 (< 0.001–> 999) | 1.0 (0.2–5.4) |
| 2009 (vs 2007) | 2.3 (1.4–3.6) | 1.0 (0.4–2.6) | 2.0 (0.5–7.9) | 2.0 (0.5–7.6) | 0.6 (0.1–3.5) | 1.6 (0.4–6.4) |
| 2010 (vs 2007) | 3.3 (2.1–5.2) | 0.8 (0.3–2.1) | 1.3 (0.3–5.5) | 4.2 (1.2–14.5) | 0.6 (0.1–3.4) | 1.1 (0.2–6.0) |
| 2011 (vs 2007) | 1.2 (0.8–2.1) | 0.9 (0.4–2.2) | 1.1 (0.3–4.5) | 1.1 (0.3–3.8) | 0.8 (0.2–3.5) | 0.9 (0.2–4.6) |
| 2012 (vs 2007) | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) | 0.5 (0.2–1.3) | 0.8 (0.2–3.4) | 0.8 (0.3–2.8) | 0.4 (0.1–1.9) | 0.8 (0.1–4.3) |
| 2013 (vs 2007) | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | 0.6 (0.2–1.7) | 0.9 (0.2–3.9) | 0.5 (0.1–1.6) | 0.5 (0.1–2.3) | 0.8 (0.2–4.2) |
| 2014 (vs 2007) | 0.6 (0.4–1.1) | 0.7 (0.3–1.8) | 2.2 (0.6–8.0) | 0.6 (0.2–1.9) | 0.6 (0.1–2.7) | 2.1 (0.5–9.3) |
| 2015 (vs 2007) | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | 0.1 (0.0–0.9) | 1.5 (0.4–5.9) | 0.4 (0.1–1.4) | 0.1 (0.0–0.9) | 1.3 (0.3–6.5) |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 25–35 (vs < 25) | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 1.8 (1.0–3.4) | 2.3 (1.2–4.4) | NAb | NAb | NAb |
| ≥ 35 (vs < 25) | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) | 3.3 (1.8–6.1) | 3.5 (1.8–7.0) | |||
| Other | ||||||
| Non-Dutch ethnicityc | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 1.3 (0.7–2.2) | NAb | NAb | NAb |
| CSW in last 6 months (MSM or women) |
1.2 (0.6–2.2) | NA | 3.3 (1.8–5.9) | NAb | NAb | NAb |
| Client of CSW in last 6 months | 1.8 (0.8–4.0) | 1.7 (0.9–3.1) | NA | 3.1 (1.4–7.2)d | NAb | NAb |
| Previous GO/chlamydia/syphilis | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 0.9 (0.5–1.8) | 0.8 (0.4–1.6) | NAb | NAb | NAb |
| 3–5 partners in last 6 months (vs 0–2) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 0.9 (0.5–1.8) | 0.9 (0.4–2.4) | NAb | NAb | 0.9 (0.3–2.3) |
| ≥ 6 partners in last 6 months (vs 0–2) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 1.5 (0.8–2.9) | 4.4 (2.3–8.7) | 3.5 (1.7–7.0) | ||
| Casual partner | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 2.3 (1.1–4.9) | 1.1 (0.5–2.2) | NAb | NAb | NAb |
| Notified of an STI by partner | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.3 (0.1–0.9) | 1.3 (0.7–2.4) | NAb | 0.1 (0.0–0.9)d | NAb |
| No condom use at last contact | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | NAb | 0.4 (0.2–0.8)d | NAb |
| Urethral/cervical Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | NAe | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) | NAb | NAb | NAb |
| Anal Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | NAf | 1.4 (0.8–2.4) | NAb | NAb | NAb |
| Oral Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | NAf | 2.8 (1.4–4.8) | NAb | NAb | 2.1 (1.2–3.8) |
| Concurrent Ct infection | 1.1 (0.8–1.3) | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | NAb | 0.4 (0.2–0.9) | NAb |
aOR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; CSW: commercial sex worker; EUCAST: European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; GO: gonorrhoea; MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration; MSM: men who have sex with men; NA: not applicable; OR: odds ratio; STI: sexually transmitted infection.
a Resistant according to EUCAST breakpoint (MIC > 0.125 mg/L).
b Multivariable analyses using backward selection were only performed for variables with clinical and statistical importance (p < 0.2) in the univariable analyses.
c A person with both parents born in the Netherlands was considered to be of Dutch ethnicity.
d Factor not included in final model that excluded Amsterdam data.
e Number of cases in the different categories not large enough to perform analysis.
f No samples available for these sites in heterosexual men.