Table 6. Univariable and multivariable analyses of azithromycin resistancea of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in patients of Dutch sexually transmitted infection centres, by sex/sexual orientation, 2011–2015 (n = 6,893 isolates).
| Characteristics | Univariable analyses OR (95%CI) | Multivariable analyses aOR (95%CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MSM | Heterosexual men | Women | MSM | Heterosexual men | Women | |
| Year of diagnosis | ||||||
| 2012 (vs 2011) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 2.3 (0.9–6.1) | 0.9 (0.3–2.2) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 2.0 (0.8–5.4) | 0.8 (0.3–2.2) |
| 2013 (vs 2011) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 2.6 (1.0–7.1) | 1.1 (0.5–2.6) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 2.3 (0.8–6.3) | 1.0 (0.4–2.3) |
| 2014 (vs 2011) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 2.4 (0.9–6.3) | 1.0 (0.4–2.4) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 1.8 (0.7–5.0) | 0.8 (0.3–1.9) |
| 2015 (vs 2011) | 1.5 (1.1–1.9) | 3.9 (1.5–10.0) | 0.8 (0.3–2.0) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 2.5 (0.9–6.6) | 0.5 (0.2–1.3) |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 25–35 (vs < 25) | 0.7 (0.6–1.0) | 2.4 (1.3–4.4) | 1.5 (0.8–3.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 2.5 (1.3–4.6) | NAb |
| ≥ 35 (vs < 25) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 2.7 (1.3–5.3) | 2.7 (1.3–5.6) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 2.6 (1.3–5.4) | NAb |
| Other | ||||||
| Non-Dutch ethnicityc | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.3 (0.1–0.4) | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5)d | 0.3 (0.2–0.6)d |
| CSW in last 6 months (MSM or women) | 0.3 (0.1–0.9) | NA | 1.9 (0.9–3.7) | NAb | NAb | NAb |
| Client of CSW in last 6 months | 0.6 (0.2–2.0) | 1.2 (0.6–2.6) | NA | NAb | NAb | NAb |
| Previous GO/chlamydia/syphilis | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.8 (0.4–1.8) | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) | NAb | NAb | NAb |
| 3–5 partners in last 6 months (vs 0–2) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 1.8 (1.0–3.2) | 0.6 (0.3–1.5) | NAb | 2.2 (1.2–3.8) | NAb |
| ≥ 6 partners in last 6 months (vs 0–2) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 1.1 (0.5–2.3) | 1.9 (1.0–3.6) | NAb | 1.2 (0.5–2.5) | NAb |
| Casual partner | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.4 (0.8–2.4) | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | NAb | NAb | NAb |
| Notified of an STI by partner | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | NAb | NAb | NAb |
| No condom use at last contact | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | 0.5 (0.3–1.0) | NAb | NAb | NAb |
| Urethral/cervical Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | NAe | 1.1 (0.5–2.5) | NAb | NAb | NAb |
| Anal Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | NAf | 0.7 (0.3–1.3) | NAb | NAb | NAb |
| Oral Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | NAf | 2.3 (1.3–4.1) | NAb | NAb | 2.1 (1.2–3.9)d |
| Concurrent Ct infection | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | 0.2 (0.1–0.5) | NAb | NAb | 0.3 (0.1–0.5) |
aOR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; CSW: commercial sex worker; EUCAST: European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; GO: gonorrhoea; MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration; MSM: men who have sex with men; NA: not applicable; OR: odds ratio; STI: sexually transmitted infection.
a Resistance according to EUCAST breakpoint (MIC > 0.5 mg/L).
b Multivariable analyses using backward selection were only performed for variables with clinical and statistical importance (p < 0.2) in the univariable analyses.
c A person with both parents born in the Netherlands was considered to be of Dutch ethnicity.
d Factor not included in final model, excluding Amsterdam data.
e Number of cases in the different categories not large enough to perform analysis.
f No samples available for these sites in heterosexual men.