Table 3.

Lignosulfonate application in civil engineering infrastructure

Application	Key function
Soil stabilization	Maintain soil moisture, increase soil particle cohesion, increase cohesive strength, cementing, increase soil density, reduce optimum moisture content, improve oil shear strength and plasticity, water proofing
Dust control on unpaved roads	Cement soil, improve surface strength, reduce road surface fines, reduce surface erosion caused by rainfall and temperature change, improve road stability
Asphalt stabilization	Decrease asphalt oxidation aging
Cement additives	Concrete admixture to reduce the need for water in cement pouring, prevent cavity formation