Table 3.

Outcomes of Initial Injection Pharyngoplasty With Dx/HA, by Etiology^a

Patient No.b	Etiology	Age (y)	Preoperative			Postoperative			First follow-up (mo)	Injections (No.)	Anesthesiae	Total follow-up (mo)	Complications
			Gap sizec	Nasalityd	Nasalance (%)	Gap sizec	Nasalityd	Nasalance (%)
Neurologic etiology
4	Vagal paraganglioma, resected	58	Small	3	-	Small	1	-	2.6	3	G, L, M	36.7	None
5	Collett-Sicard syndrome	66	Moderate	3	-	None	0	-	7.6	1	G	8.2	Retropharyngeal fluid
7	Bulbar neuropathy (CNS vasculitis)	47	Small	2	73	Small	1	33	3.0	2	L, G	22.9	None
9	Vagal schwannoma, resected	77	Small	2	25	None	0	-	9.2	1	L	9.2	None
10	Brain stem stroke, vagal paralysis	46	Small	2	-	None	0	30	4.8	1	G	4.8	None
12	Idiopathic myopathy	50	Small	1	22	Small	0	26	21.4	1	L	21.4	None
14	Multiple sclerosis	27	Moderate	3	62	Small	0	42	3.0	2	G, M	4.0	None
17	Idiopathic	29	Small	1	16	None	0	33	8.6	1	M	8.6	None
18	Iatrogenic vagal sacrifice	68	Small	2	56	None	0	50	3.0	1	M	12.0	None
19	Vagal paraganglioma, resected	47	Moderate	1	29	Small	1	31	3.2	1	M	3.9	Retropharyngeal fluid
20	Hereditary ataxia syndrome	52	Moderate	3	52	None	1	37	0.9	1	M	0.9	None
22	Vagal paraganglioma, resected	67	Small	2	35	None	0	19	1.1	1	M	1.1	None
24	Myasthenia gravis	22	Moderate	3	69	None	1	61	1.2	1	M	7.6	None
Anatomic, benign etiology
3	Cleft palate, maxillary advancement	19	Large	3	-	Moderate	2	-	0.5	1	L	27.5	Pain
6	Cleft palate, pharyngeal flap	22	Small	2	42	Small	1	43	1.6	1	G	1.6	None
11	Velocardiofacial syndrome	18	Moderate	3	69	None	1	70	2.2	1	G	23.0	None
13	Cleft palate, pharyngeal flap	46	Moderate	2	52	Small	1	39	23.2	2	L, M	23.3	None
15	Cleft palate, pharyngeal flap	18	Small	2	32	None	0	27	1.0	1	G	1.0	None
16	Transpalatal Chiari decompression	42	Small	3	70	Small	1	70	1.2	1	M	1.2	Neck spasms
23	Submucous cleft palate, Teflon injection	48	Small	1	35	None	0	28	0.7	1	M	6.7	None
25	Hemifacial microsomia, free flap reconstruction	19	Moderate	1	49	Small	1	22	1.4	1	M	1.4	None
Anatomic, malignant etiology
1	Palate carcinoma, oronasal fistula	51	Large	2	-	Large	2	-	1.9	1	L	1.9	None
2	Nasopharyngeal carcinoma	50	Moderate	2	-	Small	2	-	3.5	1	L	7.4	Pain, aspiration
8	Nasopharyngeal sarcoma	18	Large	3	53	Moderate	3	53	10.8	3	L, L, M	14.4	None
21	Oropharyngeal carcinoma	69	Moderate	1	40	Moderate	2	42	1.2	2	M, M	7.2	None

^aCNS = central nervous system; Dx/HA = hyaluronic acid and dextranomer copolymer; - = indicates no data is available.

^bPatient number refers to the chronologic order of patients treated.

^cGap size scale: small, less than 20% of the resting velopharynx; moderate, 20% to 50%; and large, greater than 50%.

^dHypernasality scale: 0, normal; 1, mild; 2, moderate; and 3, severe.

^eAnesthetic type key: L, local; M, monitored anesthesia care with light sedation; and G, general.