Table 3.

Relevant fluorescent nanoparticle-based technologies for image-guided surgery.

Nanoplatform	Properties	Ref.
CF800 liposomes	Liposomes co-encapsulating a commercially available CT contrast agent iohexol and a clinically approved NIR optical dye indocyanine green (ICG) at a mole ratio of 1000:1 (iohexol to ICG).	120
HER‐2-targeted magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs)	Enabling optical and MR dual imaging: HER-2 affibody targeting ligands were labeled with a unique near-infrared (NIR-830) dye with excitation/emission wavelengths of 800/825 nm, while magnetic IONPs provide MRI contrast.	121
Silicon naphthalocyanine (SiNc) encapsulated in biodegradable PEG-PCL (poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ɛ-caprolactone)) nanoparticles	It was engineered to be non-fluorescent initially via dense SiNc packing within the nanoparticle's hydrophobic core, with NIR fluorescence activation after accumulation at the tumor site.	122
Porphyrin lipoprotein-mimicking nanoparticle (PLP)	Integrating multiple functionalities, including PET, NIR fluorescence imaging, and PDT into an ultra-small (∼20 nm) nanoscaffold.	136
ACPP-conjugated dendrimers (ACPPDs)	Dendrimeric nanoparticles coated with activatable cell-penetrating peptides (ACPPs), labeled with Cy5 and gadolinium. ACPPs are predominantly sensitive to MMP-2 and MMP-9 in vivo.	137
Fluorescent gold nanoparticles AS1411-DA-AuNPs	CT/fluorescent imaging platform. Gold nanoparticles are conjugated with commercial iodine-based contrast agent (diatrizoic acid, DA) and aptamer with the specific targeting function to nucleolin (AS1411).	138
Fluorescent HA-derived NIRF NPs	NIRF contrast agents consisting of polymeric nanoparticle formulations derived from hyaluronic acid (HA), with either physically entrapped indocyanine green (ICG) or covalently conjugated Cy7.5.	139