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. 2018 Aug 7;8(16):4477–4490. doi: 10.7150/thno.26249

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(A) Principal component analysis (PCA) of the eleven variables extracted by the variable selection procedure and the distribution of the first principal component (PC1) to the right displaying a highly significant difference (p=8.5×10^-9). (B) The absolute values of the PCA loadings for PC1, showing the variable contribution in PC1. The variables have been color-coded by the class with the highest levels. (C) The eleven separate variables, where statistically significant differences were found between RRMS vs. SPMS for the size of the third ventricle, galectin-9, total T1, 20β-DHF, MCP-1, the size of the spinal cord, indolepyruvate, TGF-α, sCD40L and PDGF-AA. *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01; and ***, p<0.001. NS: non-significant; PC1: principal component one; PC2: principal component two; RRMS: relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis; SPMS: secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.