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. 2018 Aug 7;8(16):4491–4508. doi: 10.7150/thno.26291

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In vitro CTAC cytotoxicity against U87 cancer cells. (A) Schematic illustration of CTAC@Nb₂C-MSN-PEG-RGD for enhanced chemotherapy and PTT against cancer cells. Relative cell viability of U87 cancer cells after incubation with (B) Nb₂C-MSN-PEG, (C) CTAC@Nb₂C-MSN-PEG and (D) CTAC at elevated concentrations for 12 h and 24 h. (E) Flow-cytometry apoptosis assay of U87 cells after incubation with CTAC at different concentrations followed by staining with Annexin-FITC and PI, and (F) corresponding quantitative analysis of U87 cells at different stages (Q1: dead cells; Q2: late apoptotic cells; Q3: early apoptotic cells; Q4: live cells).