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The effect of MoO42- ions on the chondrogenic differentiation of HBMSCs in the co-culture system. MoO42- ions promoted the anabolic responses of co-cultured HBMSCs through activating the HIF-1α signaling pathway, indicated by the upregulation of HIF-1α, SOX9, COL II, and ACAN genes expressions, and weakened catabolic responses through downregulating the expressions of MMP13 and ADAMTS5 genes, and simultaneously upregulating the expression of TIMP3 gene.
