Figure 2.

In cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP), bipolar electrodes were placed: one at sternocleidomastoideus muscle (SCM) and the reference was placed at the upper rim of the sternum, and the ground at the upper cheek (A and B). In ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP), bipolar electrodes were placed: one just beneath the eye over the inferior oblique muscle (IOM) and the reference ~2 cm below, whereas the ground was placed at the upper rim of sternum (C). Bone-conducting transducers were applied using a steel spring arrangement either to the mastoid (Fm) just behind the pinnae at the virtual line through the ear canal opening and lateral eye hook or at the forehead (Fz) on the midline just below the hairline (B and C). Written informed consent has been obtained from the person in these images to publish.

Abbreviations: Fm, position of the vibration stimuli applied at the mastoid behind the pinnae; Fz, position of vibration stimuli applied at the midline of the skull just below the hairline; Gnd, ground electrode; Ref, reference electrode.