Table 2.
PK parameters of insulin following the administration (oral or subcutaneous) of different formulations to diabetic rats
| PK parameters | Simple insulin solution (SC) | Insulin-loaded NPs from Cs in enteric capsules | Insulin-loaded NPs from CPP-g-Cs in enteric capsules |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dose (IU/kg) | 5 | 30 | 30 |
| Cmax (μIU/mL) | 110.4±8 | 21.3±2.2 | 37.6±3.2 |
| Tmax (hours) | 1 | 4 | 6 |
| AUC (μIUh/mL) | 220.8±5.3 | 103.6±4.1 | 259.3±6 |
| BAR (%) | 100 | 7.8±0.7 | 19.6±1.3 |
Notes: PK parameters following the administration of three different formulations to diabetic rats: subcutaneous (SC) administration of simple insulin solution, oral administration of insulin-loaded NPs from chitosan filled in enteric protective capsules, and oral administration of insulin-loaded NPs from peptide-grafted derivative of chitosan (CPP-g-Cs) NPs filled in enteric protective capsules.
Abbreviations: AUC, area under the curve; BAR, relative bioavailability; CPP, cell-penetrating peptide; Cs, chitosan; NPs, nanoparticles; PK, pharmacokinetic.