Table 1.

Nutritional treatments that stimulated mammary development (in terms of mass of parenchymal tissue or amount of parenchymal DNA) in pigs

Treatment	Period1	Effect on parenchyma	References
10% flaxseed	In utero (day 63 gestation to end lactation)	31% ⬆ parenchymal weight	Farmer et al. (2007)
2.3 g/d of genistein	90 to 183 d	44% ⬆ total DNA	Farmer et al. (2010)
Ad libitum feeding vs. 25% feed restriction	90 d to puberty	46% ⬆ parenchymal weight	Sorensen et al. (2002b)
Ad libitum feeding vs. 20% feed restriction	90 d to puberty	36% ⬆ parenchymal weight	Farmer et al. (2004)
Ad libitum feeding vs. 33% feed restriction	90 d to 5.5 mo	52% ⬆ parenchymal weight 28% ⬆ total DNA	Sorensen et al. (2006)
24- vs. 36-mm BF2 at the end of gestation via changes in energy and protein intakes	Gestation	Approximately 240%⬆DNA concentrations	Head and Williams (1991)
21- to 26- or 17- to 19-mm BF vs. 12- to 15-mm BF at the end of gestation via changes in feed intake	Gestation	Average of 33% ⬆ parenchymal weight	Farmer et al. (2016a)
5.76 vs. 10.5 Mcal ME/d	Day 75 to end of gestation	27% ⬆ parenchymal weight	Weldon et al. (1991)
Domperidone (0.4 mg /kg BW)	Days 90 to 110 of gestation3	80% ⬆ in lumen diameter of mammary epithelial cells	VanKlompenberg et al. (2013)
17.5 vs. 12 Mcal ME/d	Lactation	⬆ parenchymal weight4	Kim et al. (1999b)
65 vs. 32 g lysine/d	Lactation	⬆ parenchymal weight4	Kim et al. (1999b)

¹Period where treatment was imposed.

²BF = backfat.

³Mammary development was not measured, but there was an increase in mammary epithelial cell differentiation.

⁴Percent increase could not be determined from the published data.