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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Public Econ. 2018 Mar 16;162:18–25. doi: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.02.014

Figure 1a. Cantril ladders by sex and region of the world: all regions to same scale.

Figure 1a

Notes: Solid red lines are women, broken navy lines are men. See text for definition of ladder question. Data from the Gallup World Poll, 2006 to 2016; not all countries are sampled in every year. Within regions, each country is weighted equally; within countries, survey sampling weights are used. The plots are averages within age groups, without adjustment for any covariates. Sample sizes given in brackets. Africa (323,799) comprises Nigeria (12,002), Kenya (12,200), Tanzania (11,016), Ghana (11,008), Uganda (11,000), Benin (8,000), Madagascar (8,016), Malawi (9,000), South Africa (12,001), Angola (4,000), Botswana (9,000), Ethiopia (6,004), Mali (10,000), Mauritania (12,992), Mozambique (5,000), Niger (11,016), Rwanda (9,584), Senegal (11,000), Zambia (10,001), Burkina Faso (10,008), Cameroon (11,200), Sierra Leone (9,016), Zimbabwe (11,000), Burundi (4,000), Central African Republic (4,000), Chad (11,000), Comoros (7,000), Democratic Republic of Congo (7,000), Congo (7,000), Gabon(6,016), Guinea (6,008), Côte d’Ivoire (5,008), Liberia (8,000), Namibia (2,800), Somalia (3,191), Sudan (7,592), Togo (6,000), Somaliland (7,000), and South Sudan (3,000). East Asia (201,526) comprises Indonesia (13,390) Hong Kong (8,118), Singapore (11,652), Japan (15,153), China (51,914), Philippines (12,200), South Korea (13,101), Taiwan (10,003), Malaysia (11,266), and Mongolia (9,000). Ex-communist (Ex_Comm) countries (312,248) comprise Poland (11,029), Hungary (10,091), Czech Republic (10,169), Romania (10,030), Belarus (11,587), Georgia (11,080), Kazakhstan (11,000), Kyrgyzstan (11,000), Moldova (11,000), Russia (26,021), Ukraine (11,323), Albania (10,069), Armenia (11,000), Azerbaijan (11,000), Bosnia and Herzegovina (11,038), Bulgaria (9,009), Croatia (10,068), Estonia (9,234), Latvia (9,074), Lithuania (10,029), Macedonia (10,177), Montenegro (9,837), Serbia (10,618), Slovakia (8,048), Slovenia (9,535), Tajikistan (11,000), Turkmenistan (7,000), Uzbekistan (10,000), Kosovo (10,182) and Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (1000). Latin America and Caribbean (LAC, 213,432) comprises Venezuela (11,000), Brazil (12,235), Mexico (12,054), Costa Rica (11,010), Argentina (11,000), Belize (1,006), Bolivia (11,003), Chile (11,247), Colombia (11,000), Cuba (1,000), Dominican Republic (11,000), Ecuador (11,135), El Salvador (11,008), Guatemala (11,050), Guyana (501), Haiti (4,533), Honduras (11,004), Jamaica (2,057), Nicaragua (11,016), Panama (11,028), Paraguay (11,001), Peru (11,000), Puerto Rico (1,000), Suriname (504), Trinidad and Tobago (2,018), and Uruguay (11,022). Middle East and North Africa (MENA, 232,447) comprises Egypt (20,924), Morocco (9,072), Lebanon (15,053), Saudi Arabia (16,432), Jordan (15,039), Syria (11,452), Turkey (13,006), Iran (12,864), Palestinian Territories (15,014), Algeria (7,031), Bahrain (12,191), Djibouti (5,000), Iraq (14,024), Kuwait (13,027), Libya (3,009), Qatar (7,060), Tunisia (11,288), United Arab Emirates (15,945) and Yemen (13,000). Europe (221,940) comprises France (12,989), Germany (37,394), Netherlands (10,757), Belgium (11,080), Spain 13,031), Italy (13,039), Sweden (11,762), Greece (10,005), Denmark (11,780), Israel (11,004), Austria (11,010), Cyprus (8,547), Finland (9,766), Iceland (3,131), Luxembourg (8,003), Malta (8,050), Norway (8,010), Portugal (11,062), Switzerland (6,514) and Northern Cyprus (5,006). South Asia (S_Asia) comprises Pakistan (17,151), Bangladesh (13,248), India (44,434), Sri Lanka (11,248), Afghanistan (11,010), Bhutan (3,040), and Nepal (12,107). English speaking comprises United States (13,444), United Kingdom (33,651), Canada (13,477), Australia (11,232), New Zealand (9,798) and Ireland (10,502).