Table 3. Comparison with existing research in-terms of classification accuracy while using UCM image dataset.

Algorithms	Accuracy
CCM-BOVW [50]	86.64% ± 0.81%
MS-CLBP1 [51]	90.6% ± 1.4%
SOS [52]	94.33%
LGF [38]	95.48%
salM3LBP-CLM [39]	95.75% ± 0.80%
LGFBOVW [53]	96.88% ± 1.32%
ResNet50 [34]	98.5%
Zeng et al. [42]	99±0.35%
Evolved Sugeno [35]	99.33%
CWCH [12]	99.4%
HGSIR	99.95%±0.1