Table 1.
Demographic, clinical and metabolic characteristics of study population, stratified according to liver fat score (0, 1, or ≥2)
| Liver fat score 0 | Liver fat score 1 | Liver fat score ≥2 | P values | |
| (n=164) | (n=66) | (n=27) | ||
| Years after delivery | 5 (2–6) | 5 (2–7) | 3 (1–6) | 0.14 |
| Age (years) | 40 (37–43) | 41 (37–44) | 40 (35–44) | 0.91 |
| Ethnicity | 0.08 | |||
| White, n (%) | 115 (70.1) | 44 (66.7) | 13 (48.2) | |
| Non-white, n (%) | 49 (29.9) | 22 (33.3) | 14 (51.8) | |
| Family history of T2DM, n (%) | 90 (55.9) | 44 (67.7) | 19 (73.1) | 0.10 |
| GDM prior to this pregnancy, n (%) | 5 (3.1) | 2 (3.0) | 3 (11.5) | 0.02 |
| Currently smoking, n (%) | 7 (4.2) | 4 (6.3) | 0 (0) | 0.51 |
| Breast feeding in the first year (months) | 11 (6–12) | 9 (3–12) | 6 (1–12) | 0.03 |
| Total physical activity | 8.5 (7.9–9.4) | 8.3 (7.5–8.9) | 8.1 (7.5–8.9) | 0.04 |
| Work index | 2.5 (2.0–3.0) | 2.4 (2.1–2.9) | 2.6 (2.3–2.9) | 0.44 |
| Sport index | 2.8 (2.5–3.5) | 3.0 (2.5–3.4) | 2.8 (2.5–3.3) | 0.27 |
| Leisure index | 3.0 (2.8–3.5) | 3.0 (2.5–3.3) | 3.0 (2.8–3.0) | 0.16 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 (21.6–27.0) | 27.2 (23.9–30.8) | 32.4 (28.1–34.2) | <0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 85 (79–93) | 94 (85–98) | 102 (93–110) | <0.0001 |
| ALT | 15 (13–18) | 16 (13–19) | 24 (16–29) | 0.0007 |
| AST | 18 (16–22) | 20 (16–23) | 19 (17–25) | 0.18 |
| GGT | 12 (9–16) | 15 (12–20) | 21 (18–28) | <0.0001 |
| Insulin sensitivity/resistance | ||||
| Matsuda Index | 8.2 (5.7–10.9) | 5.5 (3.5–9.0) | 2.7 (1.8–3.9) | <0.0001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.2 (0.9–1.8) | 1.7 (1.1–2.6) | 3.5 (2.5–5.3) | <0.0001 |
| Beta-cell function | ||||
| ISSI-2 | 759 (593–946) | 671 (536–846) | 446 (362–637) | <0.0001 |
| Insulinogenic Index/HOMA-IR | 9.6 (6.8–14.6) | 8.1 (5.5–12.0) | 6.0 (3.3–10.8) | 0.009 |
| OGTT | ||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.6 (4.4–4.9) | 4.9 (4.5–5.1) | 5.1 (4.8–5.7) | <0.0001 |
| 2-hour glucose (mmol/L) | 6.1 (5.2–7.2) | 6.5 (5.5–7.7) | 7.8 (6.8–9.4) | <0.0001 |
Continuous variables are presented as median followed by IQR in parentheses. Categorical variables are presented as n followed by percentage in parentheses.
P values refer to overall comparison across the groups by Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables, or either χ2 or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables.
BMI, body mass index; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis Model of Assessment-Insulin Resistance; ISSI-2, Insulin Secretion-Sensitivity Index-2; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; T2DM, type 2 diabetes.