Table 1. Characteristics of the study population by PPI exposure.
| Exposure level to PPI (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total cohort | None | <60 DDDs | ≥60 DDDs | ||
| % | (N = 453,611) | (n = 403,826) | (n = 44,075) | (n = 5,710) | |
| Age, years | |||||
| 40–49 | 48.3 | 48.6 | 46.5 | 37.4 | |
| 50–59 | 28.1 | 27.9 | 30.3 | 32.1 | |
| ≥60 | 23.6 | 23.5 | 23.2 | 30.6 | |
| Gender, male | 53.5 | 53.4 | 53.6 | 58.6 | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | |||||
| <25.0 | 65.1 | 65.1 | 65.3 | 62.3 | |
| 25.0–29.9 | 32.0 | 32.0 | 32.2 | 34.8 | |
| ≥30.0 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 2.9 | |
| Smoking status | |||||
| Never | 69.5 | 69.6 | 69.4 | 66.8 | |
| Former | 8.6 | 8.5 | 9.4 | 10.1 | |
| Current | 20.6 | 20.7 | 20.3 | 22.3 | |
| Alcohol consumption, drinks/week | |||||
| None | 72.7 | 72.7 | 73.1 | 73.0 | |
| 1–2 | 16.2 | 16.3 | 15.7 | 15.2 | |
| ≥3 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.7 | 11.1 | |
| Physical activity, times/week | |||||
| None | 52.5 | 52.5 | 52.0 | 53.0 | |
| 1–2 | 25.4 | 25.4 | 25.5 | 23.9 | |
| ≥3 | 21.3 | 21.2 | 21.9 | 22.2 | |
| Type 2 diabetes | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 13.6 | |
| Chronic pancreatitis | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.9 | |
| CCI* score | |||||
| 0 | 29.2 | 32.2 | 5.7 | 3.1 | |
| 1–2 | 54.5 | 53.1 | 67.1 | 61.1 | |
| ≥3 | 16.2 | 14.8 | 27.2 | 35.8 | |
| SES, low† | 55.6 | 55.8 | 53.8 | 54.8 | |
PPI, proton pump inhibitor; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; SES, socioeconomic status.
*Including acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, cerebral vascular accident, dementia, pulmonary disease, connective tissue disorder, peptic ulcer, liver disease, paraplegia, renal disease, severe liver disease, and HIV infection based on ICD-10 codes of hospital visits during years 2002 through 2006.
†By quartiles of insurance premium (Q1–2).