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. 2018 Jul 26;14(9):1596–1619. doi: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1476810

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

HIV-1 TAT initiates mitophagy in mPMs. (a–c) HIV-1 TAT dose-dependently upregulated the expression of mitophagy markers – PINK1 (a), PRKN (b), and DNM1L (c) in mPMs. (d–f) HIV-1 TAT time-dependently upregulated the expression of mitophagy markers such as PINK1 (d), PRKN (e), and DNM1L (f) in mPMs. (g–i) Time-dependent upregulation of the mitophagy markers – PINK1 (g), PRKN (h), and DNM1L (i) in the mitochondria isolated from mPMs exposed to HIV-1 TAT (50 ng/mL). (j–l) Time-dependent upregulation of the mitophagy markers – PINK1 (j), PRKN (k), and DNM1L (l) in the cytosolic fractions of mPMs exposed to HIV-1 TAT (50 ng/mL). Either ACTB (for total and cytosolic) or VDAC (for mitochondria) was probed as a protein loading control. The data are presented as mean ± SEM from 6 independent experiments. Nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis One-way ANOVA followed by the Dunn post hoc test was used to determine the statistical significance between multiple groups. *, P < 0.05 vs. control.