Table 8. Preliminary Assessment of the Economic Potential of LMNPs.
| category | examples of material currently used | price (USD/t) | source for synthesis | volume (t/y) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| emulsion stabilizers | gum arabic | 1500–300087 | acacia trees | 60 00088 |
| glycerol monostearate | 190089 | glycerol | ||
| Grinsted (DuPont) | 380089 | vegetable oils and algae | ||
| hydrogenated castor oil | 150090 | hydrogen + castor oil | 15 00090 | |
| cetyl alcohol | 200091 | palm oil | ||
| foams raw materials | polyols | 270092 | glycols (e.g., ethylene glycol, propylene glycols) | 7.5 million93 |
| chelating agents | ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) | 120058 | acetic acid + ethylene diamine | |
| nitriloacetic acid (NTA) | 10 00094 | ammonium, formaldehyde and sodium cyanide | ||
| diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) | 2 50091 | |||
| UV protection | 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxy cinnamate | 10 00091 | oil (propylene) | |
| benzophenones | 400091 | methane and benzene | ||
| phenolic benzotriazoles | 20 00091 | nitrobenzenes | 12 00095 | |
| bactericide & carrier | silver nanoparticle | 1 500 00091 | silver | |
| titanium dioxide (TiO2) | 1500–250096 | mineral | 14 million97 | |
| zinc oxide (ZnO) | 1500–200091 | mineral | 1.4 million98 | |
| carbon filler | carbon nanotubes | 10 000 00099 | carbon dioxide, acetylene | few hundreds99 |
| graphene | 200 000100 | carbon | ||
| carbon black | 500–700101 | petroleum | 12 million101 | |
| raw material for phenol-formaldehyde resins | PF resin | 1200102 | petroleum | 2.5 million (phenol used to resin production)103 |
| reinforcement for composites | glass fiber | 800–250091 | mineral | 4.5 million105 |
| aramid | 26 000104 | petroleum | 78 000106 |