Fig. 4. (A) A forest graph showing the meta-analysis of standardized mean differences between proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) users and non-users in cross-sectional bone mineral density (BMD) values observed in individual studies. (B) A forest graph showing the meta-analysis of standardized mean differences between PPI users and non-users in the BMD changes observed in longitudinal studies. SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval; df, degrees of freedom.
