Table 1. Characteristics of the included studies which recruited cases with fractures and non-fracture controls.

RET, retrospective; GPC, general population cohort; DC, database cohort; GPCC, general population case-controlled; PPC, patient population cohort; DCC, database case-control; PROS, prospective; PPCC, patient-population case-controlled; RCT, randomized controlled trial; CS, cross-sectional; OLC, open-label comparative; PPI, proton-pump inhibitor; OR, odds ratio; RR, risk ratio; MD, mean difference; PC, precision; HR, hazard ratio.