Table 1.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of the sample (N = 157)

	History of maltreatment and recent placement N = 54	Referral to protective services, no removal N = 29	No history of abuse or neglect N = 74	Statistic p-value
Age	11.9 ± 2.0	11.1 ± 1.8	11.2 ± 1.9	F (2) = 2.33 p = ns
Sex (%female/%male)	59%/41%	64%/36%	54%/46%	χ2 = 0.9 p = ns
Race (EA/AA or Biracial)	90%/10%	96%/4%	85%/15%	χ2 = 2.5 p = ns
Y-VACS Intra-familial Adversity Score	27.5 ± 7.9a	21.2 ± 8.3b	9.2 ± 7.4c	Wald χ2 = 181.5 p < .0001
Y-VACS Extra-familial Adversity Score	6.0 ± 3.6	5.8 ± 3.3	5.4 ± 3.7	Wald χ2 = 0.87 p = ns
Y-VACS Total Adversity Score	33.5 ± 8.7a	26.9 ± 9.7b	14.7 ± 9.2c	Wald χ2 = 140.6 p < .0001
Mood and Feelings Depression Questionnaire	15.1 ± 12.0a	12.8 ± 9.8a, b	8.7 ± 7.2b	Wald χ2 = 17.6 p = .001
Clinical Threshold MFQ Scores	9 (17%)	4 (14%)	2 (2.7%)	χ2 = 6.57+ p < .04

Means with different superscripts are statistically different from one another, Student–Newman–Keuls test

EA European American, AA African American, Y-VACS Yale–Vermont Adverse Childhood Experiences Scale, MFQ Mood and Feelings Questionnaire

⁺Likelihood ratio used to test the significance due to number of cells with fewer than five counts