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. 2018 Sep 12;8:13704. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32007-y

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Pre-treatment with IL-27 results in elevated cytokine production in response to S. typhimurium components and infection. PMA-THP-1 cells were treated with or without IL-27 (50 ng/ml) for 16 hours followed by LPS-S (100 ng/ml), flagellin (Flag) (500 ng/ml), or combinations of TLR agonists as indicated (A–C) or stationary phase S. typhimurium (MOI: 10) (D–F) for 8 or 12 hours. IL-12p40 (top panels), TNF-α (middle panels), and IL-6 (bottom panels) levels were measured in cell-free supernatants by ELISA. Data are representative of at least three independent replicate experiments showing mean and standard deviation of ELISA technical replicates from one experiment. Mann Whitney U tests were used for statistical analyses between pairs as indicated. ns = not significant; *p≤0.05; **p≤0.01; ***p≤0.001.