Table-1.
Demographic and clinical variables in 35 OBP, 33 OCP, and 39 OHP
| N | Mean | SD | Stats | Sig. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age [YY] | OBP | 35 | 13.7 | 2.6 | F[2,104] | 0.3 | 0.731 | |
| OCP | 33 | 13.7 | 2.3 | |||||
| OHP | 39 | 14.0 | 2.0 | |||||
| Sex [M/F] | OBP | 18 | 17 | — | — | χ2[1] | 1.0 | 0.587 |
| OCP | 21 | 12 | — | — | ||||
| OHP | 23 | 16 | — | — | ||||
| Handedness [R/L] | OBP | 33 | 2 | — | — | χ2[1] | 0.7 | 0.709 |
| OCP | 31 | 2 | — | — | ||||
| OHP | 35 | 4 | — | — | ||||
| IQ (from WASI)a | OBP | 35 | 100.3 | 15.1 | F[2,104] | 2.2 | 0.111 | |
| OCP | 33 | 102.5 | 14.0 | |||||
| OHP | 39 | 106.8 | 12.9 | |||||
| Parental education [lower/higher]& | OBP | 5 | 30 | — | — | χ2[2] | 4.3 | 0.113 |
| OCP | 3 | 30 | — | — | ||||
| OHP | 9 | 28 | — | — | ||||
| DIAGNOSIS (non-BD psychopathology) [yes/no] | OBP | 15 | 20 | — | — | χ2[1] | 0.1 | 0.971 |
| OCP | 14 | 19 | — | — | ||||
| ADHD[yes/no] | OBP | 8 | 27 | — | — | χ2[1] | 0.2 | 0.634 |
| OCP | 6 | 27 | — | — | ||||
| Anxiety [yes/no] | OBP | 6 | 29 | — | — | χ2[1] | 0.1 | 0.911 |
| OCP | 6 | 27 | — | — | ||||
| Bipolar disorder [yes/no] | OBP | 0 | 35 | — | — | — | — | |
| OCP | 0 | 33 | — | — | ||||
| Depressive disorder [yes/no] | OBP | 4 | 31 | — | — | χ2[1] | 0.0 | 0.929 |
| OCP | 4 | 29 | — | — | ||||
| Conduct-ODD-disrupt. [yes/no] | OBP | 2 | 33 | — | — | χ2[1] | 0.0 | 0.952 |
| OCP | 2 | 31 | — | — | ||||
| Substance abuse [yes/no] | OBP | 0 | 35 | — | — | — | — | |
| OCP | 0 | 33 | — | — | ||||
| Scared [parent] | OBP | 35 | 10.0 | 7.1 | F[2,104] | 6.3 | 0.003 | |
| OCP | 33 | 9.2 | 10.2 | |||||
| OHP | 39 | 1.5 | 2.3 | |||||
| Scared [child] | OBP | 35 | 13.1 | 14.0 | F[2,104] | 3.1 | 0.048 | |
| OCP | 33 | 8.2 | 11.8 | |||||
| OHP | 39 | 3.5 | 3.7 | |||||
| Child affect lability [parent] | OBP | 35 | 9.6 | 10.8 | t[66] | 2.1 | 0.040 | |
| OCP | 33 | 4.8 | 5.8 | |||||
| Child affect lability [child] | OBP | 35 | 10.8 | 12.5 | t[66] | 1.5 | 0.122 | |
| OCP | 33 | 5.7 | 9.2 | |||||
| Mood feeling questionnaire [parent] | OBP | 35 | 7.1 | 9.4 | t[66] | 1.8 | 0.081 | |
| OCP | 33 | 3.7 | 3.6 | |||||
| Mood feeling questionnaire [child] | OBP | 35 | 8.1 | 10.2 | t[66] | 0.4 | 0.670 | |
| OCP | 33 | 7.1 | 9.8 | |||||
| Manic symptoms [K-MRS]b | OBP | 33 | 2.0 | 2.8 | t[63] | 3.0 | 0.003 | |
| OCP | 32 | 0.3 | 0.7 | |||||
| Depressive Symptoms [K-DRS] | OBP | 33 | 3.2 | 5.9 | t[63] | 1.1 | 0.276 | |
| OCP | 32 | 1.6 | 3.5 | |||||
| Stony Brook Inventory symptoms [count]c | OBP | 33 | 62.4 | 301.3 | t[63] | −0.9 | 0.398 | |
| OCP | 32 | 9.8 | 181.3 | |||||
| Psychotropic medication [yes/no]d | OBP | 6 | 29 | — | — | χ2[1] | 0.5 | 0.824 |
| OCP | 5 | 28 | — | — | ||||
P values ≤ 0.05 are reported in bold characters
OBP offspring of bipolar parents, OCP offspring of comparison parents, OHP offspring of healthy parents
aThere was no significant difference between OBP and OCP (t = −0.632, p = 0.530).
& Parental Education was measured using the H index. Lower = parents with high school education or lower; higher = parents with partial Collage education or higher
Missing information on parental education in 2 OHP.
bAffected OBP reported higher levels of subthreshold manic symptoms than healthy OBP (t[23] = 3.2, p = 0.006); healthy OCP (t[23] = 3.7, p = 0.002) and affected OCP (t[23] = 3.5, p = 0.002)
cSymptom Count is based on the number of symptoms necessary for a DSM-IV diagnosis
dAll participants completed medication forms that documented psychotropic medications used at the time of the scan. Five OBP (antipsychotics: n = 2, non-stimulants = 2 and stimulants: n = 1) and six OCP (antidepressants: n = 3 and stimulants: n = 3) were taking one class of psychotropic medications, and one OBP was taking a combination (antipsychotic, topiramate and antidepressant) therapy