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. 2018 Sep 12;8:13701. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32065-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Phosphate increases Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in HEK-293 cells. Intracellular ROS was determined using the probes (A) H2DCFDA (detects presence of ROS unspecifically) (B) DHRH (determinates peroxynitrate) (C) CMFDA (detects levels of glutathione) after 24 hours of incubation with different concentrations of inorganic phosphate. (t-test analysis. *p < 0.05 vs basal phosphate; **p < 0.01 vs basal phosphate; ***p < 0.001 vs basal phosphate. Basal phosphate is the content of phosphate in the culture medium at 0.9 mM.