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. 2018 Sep 12;8:13671. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32107-9

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Feeding antimicrobials to pigs alter bile acid signaling in liver and subcutaneous white adipose (sWAT). Two independent cohorts of piglets were weaned and fed for 35 days cereal-based diets medicated with combinations of AMA, which were either zinc oxide, amoxicillin, and colistin (ZAC) or zinc oxide, chlortetracycline, and tiamulin (ZCT) at dosing levels routinely used for preventing bacterial enteritis and stimulating pig growth. Control pigs (CON) received no AMA. Samples taken on days 34 and 35 were used to measure gene expression in liver and sWAT by qRT-PCR and metabolites in liver by ELISA. Data from the two experiments were combined in the figure. (A,B) Hepatic expression of genes involved in the regulation of bile acid and lipid homeostasis and (D–F) concentration of triglycerides (D), protein (E), and glycogen (F) in liver of pigs fed CON or ZAC. (C) Expression of TGR5 and proinflammatory genes in sWAT of pigs fed CON or ZCT. Data were analyzed with ANOVA. Least squares means ± SEM are plotted, ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, n = 9–12 per group.

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