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. 2018 Sep 6;9:2032. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02032

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Copyright © 2018 Rana, Fei-Bloom, Son, La Bella, Ochani, Levine, Chiu, Wang, Chavan, Volpe, Sherry and Diamond.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Enhanced vagus nerve signaling effects on LPS-induced TNFα in CLP-survivors. (A) Increased vagus nerve signaling leads to activation of the higher number of acetylcholine - producing T cells (ChAT⁺ T cells) in the spleen. Subsequent activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7AchR) on monocytes/macrophages leads to an inability to further suppress LPS-induced TNFα. (B) The cholinergic tone determines the immune balance, shifting between enhanced vagus nerve activation leading to an immunosuppressed phenotype and decreased vagus nerve activation leading to restored immunocompetence.