Fig. 2.

Mediation analyses showing the direct and indirect effects of ACE severity on pain functional outcomes. Odds ratios represent the increase or decrease in the likelihood of each pain outcome associated with a one standard deviation increase on the ACE severity measure. The association between ACE severity and SF-12 PCS scores is reported in standardized units. The sum of direct and indirect effects includes the mediated effect (by SF-12 PCS scores), and the direct effect of ACE severity on pain outcomes. Both models control for relationships between ACEs and early symptom severity and the effect of age (not shown). *p < .05.