Table 2.
Results of multiplex analysis of cytokines in biofluids at noon and comparisons between NSCLC patients and healthy controls (Mann–Whitney test)
| Cytokine | Serum (pg/mL) |
P | Saliva (pg/mL) |
P | OMT (pg/mL) |
P | LOD (pg/mL) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | NSCLC | Control | NSCLC | Control | NSCLC | |||||
| IL1β | 1.45 ± 1.01 | 1.71 ± 2.03 | 0.736 | 128 ± 321 | 237 ± 352 | 0.044* | 42.8 ± 59.8 | 59.9 ± 105 | 0.470* | |
| IL1RN | 119 ± 100 | 119 ± 86.6 | 0.463 | 2810 ± 2400 | 5717 ± 4189 | 0.001* | 10043± 7782 | 17537±17725 | 0.001* | |
| IL2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| IL4 | 1.19 ± 0.72 | 1.44 ± 1.12 | 0.606 | 0.45 ± 0.46 | – | – | 0.53 ± 0.30 | 0.83 ± 0.43 | 0.001* | 0.01 |
| IL5 | 7.64 ± 5.09 | 10.5 ± 9.43 | 0.379 | 1.86 ± 1.93 | 1.47 ± 1.81 | 0.145 | 1.23 ± 0.89 | 2.07 ± 2.21 | 0.679 | |
| IL6 | 2.80 ± 3.34 | 4.46 ± 7.12 | 0.544 | 8.15 ± 12.9 | 11.9 ± 14.4 | 0.090 | 3.21 ± 3.08 | 4.76 ± 2.88 | 0.010* | 0.02 |
| IL7 | 6.50 ± 6.82 | 5.19 ± 5.81 | 0.281 | 8.29 ± 6.05 | 17.4 ± 15.3 | 0.001* | 17.8 ± 14.3 | 27.2 ± 15.9 | 0.002* | 0.13 |
| IL8 | 11.9 ± 10.7 | 14.3 ± 9.29 | 0.053 | 323 ± 399 | 467 ± 688 | 0.179 | 144 ± 152 | 219 ± 381 | 0.810 | |
| IL9 | 21.4 ± 48.0 | 18.4 ± 27.4 | 0.559 | 5.02 ± 5.46 | 6.19 ± 7.41 | 0.432 | 5.23 ± 3.54 | 7.88 ± 4.94 | 0.017* | 0.04 |
| IL10 | 5.47 ± 9.60 | 10.0 ± 21.8 | 0.178 | 3.26 ± 3.99 | 4.37 ± 3.12 | 0.024* | 4.15 ± 2.93 | 6.37 ± 5.76 | 0.149 | |
| IL12 (p70) | 10.4 ± 22.3 | 12.2 ± 19.9 | 0.106 | 19.2 ± 14.4 | 22.2 ± 11.5 | 0.171 | 15.2 ± 7.66 | 20.5 ± 9.35 | 0.010* | |
| IL13 | 17.2 ± 15.4 | 25.2 ± 23.5 | 0.171 | 0.70 ± 0.60 | 0.78 ± 0.66 | 0.638 | 3.31 ± 3.10 | 4.47 ± 4.25 | 0.347 | |
| IL15 | – | – | – | 0.86 ± 0.82 | – | – | 0.58 ± 0.06 | – | – | 0.57 |
| IL17A | 15.1 ± 41.7 | 15.5 ± 51.0 | 0.387 | 1.19 ± 2.53 | – | – | 8.72 ± 9.03 | 22.3 ± 22.6 | 0.004* | 0.07 |
| CCL11 | 69.9 ± 36.1 | 93.1 ± 44.6 | 0.048* | 5.33 ± 3.92 | 10.2 ± 10.8 | 0.010* | 10.3 ± 6.83 | 21.5 ± 14.3 | 0.000* | 1.02 |
| FGF2 | 49.8 ± 49.1 | 37.3 ± 19.1 | 0.205 | 5.84 ± 7.43 | 8.35 ± 8.77 | 0.459 | 13.8 ± 16.3 | 22.4 ± 17.9 | 0.011* | 0.36 |
| CSF3 | 16.0 ± 11.8 | 22.8 ± 15.8 | 0.124 | 23.3 ± 43.5 | 33.9 ± 67.8 | 0.142 | 12.1 ± 8.15 | 23.5 ± 47.5 | 0.068 | 0.01 |
| CSF2 | 48.0 ± 37.4 | 35.7 ± 25.5 | 0.183 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| IFN-γ | 42.0 ± 23.7 | 51.1 ± 40.6 | 0.564 | 28.8 ± 21.9 | 28.2 ± 19.4 | 0.952 | 27.1 ± 16.9 | 43.8 ± 27.1 | 0.000* | |
| CXCL10 | 456 ± 458 | 600 ± 408 | 0.013* | 949 ± 1488 | 1765 ± 1883 | 0.020* | 3897 ± 4812 | 5477 ± 5101 | 0.037* | |
| CCL2 | 6.09 ± 5.77 | 15.6 ± 25.4 | 0.294 | 125 ± 124 | 101 ± 99.6 | 0.456 | 61.9 ± 53.6 | 54.6 ± 50.2 | 0.582 | 0.42 |
| CCL3 | 5.14 ± 7.94 | 3.90 ± 2.61 | 0.946 | 2.28 ± 1.59 | 3.90 ± 6.99 | 0.118 | 1.91 ± 1.05 | 3.26 ± 4.40 | 0.028* | 0.12 |
| PDGF-BB | 144 ± 270 | 36.4 ± 31.5 | 0.053 | 4.79 ± 6.05 | 9.77 ± 7.97 | 0.001* | 27.4 ± 20.4 | 35.7 ± 26.6 | 0.240 | 0.52 |
| CCL4 | 29.1 ± 12.9 | 44.5 ± 45.0 | 0.018* | 7.34 ± 9.22 | 16.9 ± 28.4 | 0.118 | 10.7 ± 11.9 | 13.5 ± 17.3 | 0.217 | 0.17 |
| RANTES | 1582± 1000 | 1361± 1036 | 0.262 | – | 1.88 ± 2.07 | – | 3.67 ± 2.77 | 5.78 ± 4.80 | 0.165 | 0.10 |
| TNF | 137 ± 167 | 107 ± 117 | 0.544 | 12.5 ± 11.0 | 23.1 ± 32.4 | 0.013* | 9.74 ± 8.58 | 18.9 ± 14.0 | 0.000* | 0.45 |
| VEGF | 14.8 ± 27.2 | 10.2 ± 7.27 | 0.740 | 1259 ± 1748 | 1337 ± 1432 | 0.183 | 965 ± 643 | 915 ± 411 | 0.703 | 0.62 |
*P < 0.05.
LODs were calculated from the measured results of concentrations of negative control and standard solutions provided by Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.
Abbreviations: oral mucosal transudate (OMT); limit of detection (LOD); non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): interleukin (IL); C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL); fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2); colony stimulating factor (CSF); interferon (IFN); C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL); regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES); tumor necrosis factor (TNF); vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).