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. 2016 Jun;186(6):1662–1673. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.02.003

Figure 12.

Figure 12

Valproic acid (VPA) induces differentiation of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). A: Seven day VPA in vitro treatment of CSCs greatly reduces proliferative properties, as shown by MTT assay. B: VPA decreases invasion slightly at a basement membrane extract concentration of ×0.1. C: Flow cytometric analysis showing that VPA treatment dramatically increases apoptosis and decreases Aldefluor positivity. D: RT-PCR data showing VPA induces thyroid differentiation markers in CSCs. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, and ∗∗∗P < 0.001 versus controls. RFU, relative fluorescence unit.