Table 2.
Summary of cited studies on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
| Study | Population | # of patients | Male/female | Pathology | NSAIDs studied | NSAID effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kempfer et al. 2003 [16] | Mice | N/A | Female | Wound healing | SC-560 (COX-1 inhibitor), diclofenac, and celecoxib (COX-2 inhibitor) | SC-560 and diclofenac, but not celecoxib, impaired wound repair |
| Goren et al. 2015 [17] | Mice | N/A | Female | Acute wound healing | SC-560, diclofenac, and celecoxib | Diclofenac impaired wound healing by reducing blood vessel formation |
| Fairweather et al. 2015 [18] | Mice | N/A | Female | Cutaneous wound healing | Celecoxib | Delayed wound healing through reduced PGE2 |
| Iwamoto et al. 2017 [19] | Mice | N/A | Female and male | Corneal wound healing | Diclofenac | Delayed wound healing through inhibition of 12-HHT/BLT2 pathway |
| Romana-Sousa et al. 2016 [22] | Mice | N/A | Male | Pressure ulcers | Celecoxib | Improved wound healing through decreased iNOS |
| dos Santos et al. 2013 [24] | Mice | N/A | Female and male | Cutaneous wound healing | Aspirin | Impaired female, but not male, wound healing |
| Blomme et al. 2003 [25] | Mice | N/A | Female | Surgical skin wound healing | SC-791 (COX-2 inhibitor), diclofenac | No effect |
| Krischak et al. 2007 [26] | Rats | N/A | Male | Incisional wound healing | Diclofenac | Decreased fibroblast proliferation, but no effect on wound healing |
| Hamilton et al. 2008 [28] | Mice | N/A | Female | GAS infection following muscle injury | Toradol | Increased GAS in injured muscles |
| Hamilton et al. 2014 [29] | Mice | N/A | Female | GAS soft tissue infection | Toradol, ibuprofen, indomethacin, SC-560, SC-236 (COX-2 inhibitor) | Nonselective inhibitors reduced antibiotic efficacy and increased mortality. Selective inhibitors had no effect |
| Weng et al. 2011 [30] | Mice | N/A | Female | GAS soft tissue infection | Ibuprofen | Increased GAS infection and mortality |
| Kelley et al. 2016 [49] | Humans | 443 | Not found | Wound healing | Ibuprofen | Ibuprofen does not increase bleeding |
| Zura et al. 2016 [45] | Humans | 309,330 | 57.9% women | Bone healing | Various | NSAIDs increased non-union |
| Sagi et al. 2014 [46] | Humans | 98 | 27.6% women | Bone healing | Indomethacin | Indomethacin may increase non-union or decrease heterotropic ossification |
| Jeffcoach et al. 2014 [47] | Humans | 1901 | 44% women | Bone healing | Various | NSAIDs increase malunion/non-union and infection in long bone fractures |
| Depeter et al. 2017 [48] | Humans (children 6 months–17 years) | 808 | 37% women | Bone healing | Ibuprofen | Children with extremity fracture do not demonstrate inhibited healing with ibuprofen |
| Lisboa et al. 2017 [50] | Humans (combat-related extremity wounds) | 73 | Not found | Wound healing | Various | NSAIDs decreased inflammation and help wound healing |
| Nagano et al. 2016 [44] | Mouse MC3T3-E1 Cell line | N/A | Not found | Bone formation and fracture healing | Celecoxib | Celecoxib inhibited osteoblast maturation by suppressing Wnt signaling |
| Smith et al. 2016 [33] | Humans | 657 | Not found | Anastomic leaks | Various | Post-operative nonselective NSAID use, but not COX 2 inhibitors, increased anastomic dehiscence |
| Paulasir et al. 2015 [34] | Humans | 4360 | 56.7% women | Anastomic leaks | Various | No difference |
| Subendran et al. 2014 [35] | Humans | 262 | 45% women | Anastomic leaks | Various | Non-significant increase in anastomic leaks (p = 0.06) |
| Saleh et al. 2014 [36] | Humans | 731 | 43% women | Anastomic leaks | Toradol | No difference |
| Mikaeloff et al. 2008 [37] | Humans (primary varicella or zoster diabnosis) | 248,368 | 48% women—varicella patients; 61% women—zoster patients | Complications of varicella or zoster infection | Various | Elevated risk of severe skin and soft tissue complications |
| Klein et al. 2012 [43] | Humans | 162 | 80% women | Bleeding after laparoscopic Roux-en-y bypass | Toradol | Lower post op hemoglobin |
| Flossmann et al. 2007 [53] | Humans | 7588 | Female and male | Colorectal cancer | Aspirin | Daily dose aspirin is effective in primary prevention of colorectal cancer |
| Huang et al. 2018 [55] | Humans (who had surgery for non-small-cell lung cancer) | 588 | Female and male | Survival length post-surgery | Flurbiprofen axetil | The use of flurbiprofen axetil combined with dexamethasone was associated with longer survival |
| Yin et al. 2018 [56] | Humans (with bone metastasis) | 210 | Female and male | Levels of interleukin-6, prostacyclin, corticosteroid A2 | Flurbiprofen | Flurbiprofen lowered levels of prostacyclin and corticosteroid A2, but did not affect interleukin-6 |
Cited studies are summarized. Clinical studies are on adult patients unless otherwise specified. In animal studies, if the study included male and female animals, they are age-matched and equal in ratio. In clinical studies, the male/female ratios are presented as % women if the information was given in the paper. Specific non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) names are given when supplied by the authors and are non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors unless otherwise specified at first mention in the table