Table 3.

Pre–post comparison of two groups on PHQ-9, MAAS and CPSS

PHQ-9			Effect size	Standard error	P-value	95% CI
						Lower bound	Higher bound
Pre	MTCC	Control	0.423	0.538	0.435	−0.653	1.498
Post	MTCC	Control	−2.069	0.597	0.001	−3.264	−0.874
MAAS			Effect size	Standard error	P-value	95% CI
						Lower bound	Higher bound
Pre	MTCC	Control	−0.467	1.448	0.748	−3.363	2.429
Post	MTCC	Control	4.854	1.477	0.002	1.899	7.809
CPSS			Effect size	Standard error	P-value	95% CI
						Lower bound	Higher bound
Pre	MTCC	Control	0.288	0.944	0.762	−1.600	2.175
Post	MTCC	Control	−2.377	0.805	0.004	−3.987	−0.767

Abbreviations: MTCC, mindfulness-based Tai Chi Chuan; PHQ-9, nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire; MAAS, Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale; CPSS, Chinese version of the Perceived Stress Scale.